Systems and methods for natural language processing using machine-oriented inference rules

1. A computer implemented method comprising:

accessing, using one or more hardware processors, a natural language query from a user;

parsing, using the one or more hardware processors, the natural language query into a computer-interpretable semantic representation of the natural language query, wherein the parsing comprises:

generating a set of clauses based on relationships among words included in the natural language query; and

pruning a portion of the clauses to rewrite one or more syntactic patterns to semantic patterns of the query and to map the syntactic patterns onto semantic relations to correspond to the computer-interpretable semantic representation, the computer-interpretable semantic representation describing the set of clauses based on one or more aspects of the words and the relationships;

converting, using the one or more hardware processors, the computer-interpretable semantic representation into a computer-interpretable logical syntax, the converting using a set of axioms classifying terms of one or more of the computer interpretable semantic representation and the computer interpretable logical syntax according to at least one ontology;

determining, using the one or more hardware processors, a solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax using a reasoning engine and at least one data source, the computer-interpretable logical syntax and set of axioms;

determining an answer by use of machine-oriented inference rules including resolution for general purpose reasoning and paramodulation for reasoning about equality; and

outputting an answer to the natural language query using the solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein:

the natural language query comprises a plurality of questions, and wherein an answer to a first question of the plurality of questions depends on an answer to a second question of the plurality of questions.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein determining the solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax comprises:

determining the answer to the second question of the plurality of questions; and

determining the answer to the first question of the plurality of questions using at least the answer to the second question.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

deriving a term from the natural language query that is contained neither in the reasoning engine nor in the at least one data source; and

wherein determining the solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax further uses the term contained neither in the reasoning engine nor in the at least one data source.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax comprises:

combining information from a first data source among the at least one data source with information from a second data source among the at least one data source; and

synthesizing the combined information from the first data source and the second data source using the reasoning engine to generate the solution; wherein the solution is contained neither in the first data source nor the second data source.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the natural language query comprises at least one semantically ambiguous term; and

wherein determining the solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax further uses the semantically ambiguous term.

7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

inferring at least two dissimilar terms in the natural language query to be semantically equivalent; and

wherein determining the solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax further uses the semantically equivalent inference.

8. A system comprising:

an input interface configured to access a natural language query from a user;

a processor configured to:

parse the natural language query into a computer-interpretable semantic representation of the natural language query, wherein the parsing comprises:

generating a set of clauses based on relationships among words included in the natural language query; and

pruning a portion of the clauses to rewrite one or more syntactic patterns to semantic patterns of the query and to map the syntactic patterns onto semantic relations to correspond to the computer-interpretable semantic representation, the computer-interpretable semantic representation describing the set of clauses based on one or more aspects of the words and the relationships;

convert the computer-interpretable semantic representation into a computer-interpretable logical syntax using a set of axioms classifying terms of one or more of the computer-interpretable semantic representation and the computer-interpretable logical syntax according to one or more ontologies, the converting using a set of axioms classifying terms of one or more of the computer interpretable semantic representation and the computer interpretable logical syntax according to the one or more ontologies;

determine a solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax using a reasoning engine and at least one data source, the solution determined based on the computer-interpretable logical syntax and the set of axioms;

determine an answer by use of machine-oriented inference rules including resolution for general purpose reasoning and paramodulation for reasoning about equality; and

an output interface configured to output an answer to the natural language query using the solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax.

9. The system of claim 8 wherein:

the natural language query comprises a plurality of questions, and wherein an answer to a first question of the plurality of questions depends on an answer to a second question of the plurality of questions.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein determining the solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax comprises:

determining the answer to the second question of the plurality of questions; and

determining the answer to the first question of the plurality of questions using at least the answer to the second question.

11. The system of claim 8 , wherein the processor is further configured to:

derive a term from the natural language query that is contained neither in the reasoning engine nor in the at least one data source; and

wherein determining the solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax further uses the term contained neither in the reasoning engine nor in the at least one data source.

12. The system of claim 8 , wherein the processor is further configured to:

combine information from a first data source among the at least one data source with information from a second data source among the at least one data source; and

synthesize the combined information from the first data source and the second data source using the reasoning engine to generate the solution, wherein the solution is contained neither in the first data source nor the second data source.

13. The system of claim 8 , wherein the natural language query comprises at least one semantically ambiguous term; and

wherein determining the solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax further uses the semantically ambiguous term.

14. The system of claim 8 , wherein the processor is further configured to:

infer at least two dissimilar terms in the natural language query to be semantically equivalent; and

wherein determining the solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax further uses the semantically equivalent inference.

15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium embodying instructions that, when executed by a processor perform operations comprising:

accessing a natural language query from a user;

parsing, using one or more hardware processor, the natural language query into a computer-interpretable semantic representation of the natural language query, wherein the parsing comprises:

generating a set of clauses based on relationships among words included in the natural language query; and

pruning a portion of the clauses to rewrite one or more syntactic patterns to semantic patterns of the query and to map the syntactic patterns onto semantic relations to correspond to the computer-interpretable semantic representation, the computer-interpretable semantic representation describing the set of clauses based on one or more aspects of the words and the relationships;

converting, using the one or more hardware processor, the computer-interpretable semantic representation into a computer-interpretable logical syntax using a set of axioms classifying terms of one or more of the computer-interpretable semantic representation and the computer-interpretable logical syntax according to one or more ontologies, the converting using a set of axioms classifying terms of one or more of the computer interpretable semantic representation and the computer interpretable logical syntax according to the one or more ontologies;

determining, using the one or more hardware processor, a solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax using a reasoning engine and at least one data source, the solution determined based on the computer-interpretable logical syntax and the set of axioms;

determining an answer by use of machine-oriented inference rules including resolution for general purpose reasoning and paramodulation for reasoning about equality; and

outputting an answer to the natural language query using the solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax.

16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 wherein:

the natural language query comprises a plurality of questions, and wherein an answer to a first question of the plurality of questions depends on an answer to a second question of the plurality, of questions.

17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16 , wherein determining the solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax comprises:

determining the answer to the second question of the plurality of questions; and

determining the answer to the first question of the plurality of questions using at least the answer to the second question.

18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 , wherein the instructions further cause the processor to perform operations comprising:

deriving a term from the natural language query that is contained neither in the reasoning engine nor in the at least one data source; and

wherein determining the solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax further uses the term contained neither in the reasoning engine nor in the at least one data source.

19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 , wherein determining the solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax comprises:

combining information from a first data source among the at least one data source with information from a second data source among the at least one data source; and

synthesizing the combined information from the first data source and the second data source using the reasoning engine to generate the solution, wherein the solution is contained neither in the first data source nor the second data source.

20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 , wherein the natural language query comprises at least one semantically ambiguous term; and

wherein determining the solution to the computer-interpretable logical syntax further uses the semantically ambiguous term.