Millimeter-wave coupler for semi-confocal fabry-perot cavity
A coupler for coupling electromagnetic radiation into a cavity, including a metal layer having a reflective surface and forming a ground plane; and one or more waveguides for gigahertz or terahertz electromagnetic radiation embedded in the metal layer. The waveguides each include two openings in the metal layer exposing a dielectric underneath; and a section of the metal layer between the two openings. A plurality of holes in the metal layer are disposed along a perimeter of the openings so as to shape the electric field of the electromagnetic radiation in a cavity coupled to the coupler.
1. A coupler for coupling electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength λ into a cavity, comprising:
a mirror including a metal layer having a reflective surface, the metal layer forming a ground plane;
one or more waveguides for gigahertz or terahertz electromagnetic radiation, each of the waveguides embedded in the metal layer and including:
two openings in the metal layer exposing a dielectric under the metal layer; and
a section of the metal layer between the two openings; and
a plurality of holes in the metal layer disposed along an edge of the openings so as to shape an electric field of electromagnetic radiation outputted from the waveguide to a cavity in a spectrometer coupled to the coupler, the holes exposing the dielectric under the metal layer and the spectrometer determining a composition of a molecule from an interaction of the molecule with the electric field.
2. The coupler of claim 1 , wherein the holes are disposed around a perimeter of the waveguide.
3. The coupler of claim 2 , wherein the holes are disposed in a hexagonal pattern.
4. The coupler of claim 2 , wherein the holes have a diameter or a width in a range of λ/15-λ/5 or 200-600 micrometers.
5. The coupler of claim 2 , wherein the holes are separated by a distance in a range of λ/5-λ/2 or 600-1500 micrometers (distance from a center of one hole to a center of an adjacent hole).
6. The coupler of claim 2 , wherein the holes are disposed in 2, 3, or 4 rows.
7. The coupler of claim 2 , wherein the openings each have an L shape and the L shapes are positioned symmetrically about the section of the metal layer so as to form mirror images of each other with respect to the section of the metal layer.
8. The coupler of claim 1 , wherein the openings have a width in a range of λ/5-λ/2.
9. The coupler of claim 1 , wherein the openings each have an L shape having a base portion and a back portion.
10. The coupler of claim 9 , wherein the base portion has a length in a range of λ/2-4λ or 1-4 mm and the back portion has a length in a range of 3λ-15λ or 5-15 mm.
11. The coupler of claim 1 , further comprising two of the waveguides embedded in the metal layer, wherein each waveguide is a mirror image of the other waveguide about an axis of symmetry of the metal layer.
12. The coupler of claim 11 , wherein:
the openings each have an L shape having a base portion and a back portion,
the L shapes in each waveguide are positioned symmetrically about the section of the metal layer so as to form mirror images of each other with respect to the section of the metal layer, and
a perpendicular distance between the base portions, in one of the waveguides, to the base portions in the other waveguide, is in a range of λ/2-3λ.
13. The coupler of claim 12 , wherein the reflective surface is rectangular and has sides having a length in a range of 3λ-15λ.
14. The coupler of claim 12 , wherein:
the reflective surface is rectangular and has a first side opposite a second side, the first side and the second side each having a length in a range of 3λ-15λ,
the waveguides include a first waveguide and a second waveguide,
the openings and the section in the first waveguide extend to the first side, and
the openings and the section in the second waveguide extend to the second side.
15. The coupler of claim 1 , wherein the waveguides each comprise a stripline including the section of the metal layer between two sections of the ground plane.
16. The coupler of claim 1 , wherein:
the coupler coupled to a second mirror forms the cavity confining the electromagnetic radiation and generating modes of the electromagnetic radiation in the cavity when the electromagnetic radiation is coupled into the cavity through the coupler,
the modes comprise peaks and nodes of a cavity electric field evenly spaced along the cavity's longitudinal axis (cavity axis), and
the cavity electric field is symmetrically distributed in at least one direction perpendicular to the cavity axis.
17. The coupler of claim 1 , wherein:
the coupler coupled to a second mirror forms the cavity confining the electromagnetic radiation and generating modes of the electromagnetic radiation in the cavity when the electromagnetic radiation is coupled into the cavity through the coupler,
the modes comprise peaks and nodes of a cavity electric field spaced along the cavity's longitudinal axis (cavity axis),
the cavity electric field at a first point and a second point symmetrically positioned on either side of the cavity axis are the same to within 10%.
18. The coupler of claim 17 , wherein the first point and the second point are each at a same distance in a range of λ-3λ from the cavity axis.
19. A spectrometer comprising the cavity of claim 12 , comprising:
a transmitter coupled to the waveguide, wherein the transmitter transmits an electric field to the waveguide, wherein the electric field is transmitted along the waveguide and generates the electromagnetic radiation outputted from the coupler into the cavity;
a receiver coupled to the waveguide, the waveguide receiving an output electric field transmitted along the waveguide in response to a presence of the molecule in the cavity and interacting with the cavity electrical field of the electromagnetic radiation; and
a computer coupled to the receiver determining the composition of the molecule from the output electric field.
20. The spectrometer of claim 19 , wherein:
the waveguides comprise a first waveguide and a second waveguide,
the openings and the section in the first waveguide extend to a side of the reflective surface, the spectrometer further comprising:
the transmitter including:
a first output electrically connected to the section at the side; and
a second output electrically connected to the ground plane at the side; and wherein the first and second outputs apply an electrical field across the section and the ground plane; and
a receiver including:
a first input electrically connected to the section at the side; and
a second input electrically connected to the ground plane;
wherein the first and second inputs receive the output electrical field applied across the section and the ground plane in response to the molecule in the cavity interacting with the cavity electrical field.
21. A coupler for coupling electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength λ,
comprising:
a mirror including a metal layer having a reflective surface, the metal layer forming a ground plane;
one or more waveguides for gigahertz or terahertz electromagnetic radiation, each of the waveguides embedded in the metal layer and including:
two openings in the metal layer exposing a dielectric under the metal layer;
a section of the metal layer between the two openings; and
a plurality of holes in the metal layer disposed along an edge of the openings:
wherein:
the holes have a diameter or a width in a range of λ/15-λ/5,
the holes are separated by a distance in a range of λ/5-λ/2, wherein the distance is from a center of one hole to a center of an adjacent hole,
the openings have a width in a range of λ/5-λ/2, and
the openings each have an L shape having a base portion and a back portion,
wherein the base portion has a length in a range of λ/2-4λ and the back portion has a length in a range of 3λ-15λ or 5-15 mm.