Emulsions by condensation
Nanoscale emulsions can be made by means of condensing a liquid vapor onto another liquid. The precise size, chemical composition, and density of emulsions may be controlled through varying the experimental parameters, such as surfactant concentration, time of condensation, humidity, and temperature.
1. A method of making an emulsion comprising:
vaporizing a primary liquid;
selecting a secondary liquid and an emulsifier to permit formation of an emulsion, wherein the primary liquid and the secondary liquid are immiscible or partly miscible and the emulsifier concentration is larger than its minimum critical concentration; and
forming a mixture of the primary liquid, the secondary liquid and the emulsifier under thermodynamic conditions that are below the dew point of the primary liquid, and
subcooling the second liquid below the dew point of the vapor of the secondary liquid.
2. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the emulsion is monomodal in size.
3. The method of making an emulsion of claim 2 , wherein the monomodal emulsion is nanoscale.
4. The method of making an emulsion of claim 3 , wherein the monomodal emulsion is directly formed without further processing to reduce emulsion size.
5. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein a temperature of the secondary liquid is below the dew point of the primary liquid.
6. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the primary liquid is water and the secondary liquid is oil.
7. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the primary liquid is oil and the secondary liquid is water.
8. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the primary liquid is a first oil and the secondary liquid is a second oil.
9. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , further comprising superheating the vaporized liquid before condensing.
10. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the vaporizing the primary liquid includes evaporating the primary liquid by heating, boiling the primary liquid, aerosolizing the primary liquid and heating the aerosol droplets of the primary liquid, or decreasing pressure surrounding the primary liquid.
11. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the emulsifier is a surfactant.
12. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the emulsifier is nanoparticles.
13. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprising flowing the secondary liquid and the vaporized primary liquid.
14. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprising agitating the secondary liquid while condensing the vaporized primary liquid.
15. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the condensing the primary liquid on the secondary liquid comprising injecting the vaporized primary liquid into the secondary liquid.
16. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the condensing the primary liquid on the secondary liquid comprising using jet impingement of the vaporized liquid.
17. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the condensing the primary liquid on the secondary liquid comprising injecting through microchannels or membranes or porous walls within a secondary liquid-emulsifier mixture.
18. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the emulsifier is a surfactant and the minimum critical concentration is a critical micelle concentration of the surfactant.
19. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the emulsifier is a nanoparticle and the minimum critical concentration is an equilibrium concentration at which the nanoparticles have maximum adsorption at the interface.
20. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the emulsifier is added in-situ during a vapor condensation process.
21. The method of making an emulsion of claim 1 , wherein vaporization includes evaporation of a liquid, boiling of a liquid, aerosolizing nanometric droplets and vaporizing them by applying heat, or decreasing the pressure of the system containing the condensing liquid to vaporize a liquid.
22. A method of making an emulsion comprising:
vaporizing a primary liquid;
selecting a secondary liquid and an emulsifier to permit formation of an emulsion, wherein the primary liquid and the secondary liquid are immiscible or partly miscible and the emulsifier concentration is larger than its minimum critical concentration; and
forming a mixture of the primary liquid, the secondary liquid and the emulsifier under thermodynamic conditions that are below the dew point of the primary liquid, further comprising vaporizing the emulsion and thereafter condensing the emulsion on a tertiary liquid.
23. A method of making an emulsion comprising:
vaporizing a primary liquid;
selecting a secondary liquid, a tertiary liquid and an emulsifier to permit formation of an emulsion, wherein the primary liquid and the secondary liquid are immiscible;
subcooling the primary liquid below the dew point of the vapor of the secondary liquid and
condensing the primary liquid on a mixture of the secondary liquid and the tertiary liquid, wherein the secondary liquid is miscible with the tertiary liquid and the tertiary liquid is immiscible with the primary liquid.
24. The method of making emulsions of claim 23 , wherein the primary liquid is water.
25. The method of making emulsions of claim 23 , wherein the secondary liquid is a first oil, and the tertiary liquid is a second oil.
26. The method of making an emulsion of claim 23 , wherein the emulsion is monomodal in size.
27. The method of making an emulsion of claim 26 , wherein the monomodal emulsion is nanoscale.
28. The method of making an emulsion of claim 27 , wherein the monomodal emulsion is directly formed without further processing to reduce emulsion size.
29. The method of making an emulsion of claim 23 , wherein the emulsion further comprises an emulsifier.