Elastic filament velocity sensor
Disclosed is an apparatus for measuring velocity of a fluid stream via deflection of a wire filament. Also disclosed is a process for measuring velocity of a fluid stream, requiring deflecting two or more wire filaments in a fluid stream, measuring two or more resistances, and equating the velocity of the fluid stream to the result of a function of the two or more resistances. In both the apparatus and method, one wire filament must have a length dimension longer than at least one of a dimension of the wire filament in the primary sensing or transverse direction, as well as a dimension of the wire filament in the primary sensing and/or transverse direction less than 50 μ U ρ throughout a predetermined operating range.
1. A velocity sensor configured to measure velocity of a fluid stream, the sensor comprising at least one electrically conductive wire filament, wherein the at least one wire filament is configured to have a length dimension longer than at least one of a width or thickness dimension, wherein the at least one wire filament is adapted to be deflected when exposed to the fluid stream,
wherein a dimension of the wire filament in at least one of the primary sensing or transverse direction is less than
50
μ
U
ρ
throughout a predetermined operating range, where μ is viscosity of the fluid stream, ρ is density of the fluid stream, and U is velocity of the fluid stream relative to the at least one wire filament.
2. The velocity sensor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one wire filament is supported at both ends.
3. The velocity sensor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one wire filament is freestanding.
4. The velocity sensor of claim 1 , wherein the length of the at least one wire filament is between and including 10 and 100,000 times that of both the primary sensing and transverse dimensions.
5. The velocity sensor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one wire filament comprises material with a Young's modulus between and including 0.001 and 500 GPa, and a yield strength between and including 30 and 3,000 MPa.
6. The velocity sensor of claim 1 , wherein the dimension of the at least one wire filament in the primary sensing direction is less than
L
(
μ
U
E
w
)
1
4
,
throughout a predetermined operating range, where μ is viscosity of the fluid stream, E is the Young's modulus of the wire filament, w is the dimension in the transverse direction, L is the filament length of the sensor of claim 1 , and U is velocity of the fluid stream relative to the wire.
7. The sensor of claim 6 , wherein the at least one wire filament comprises a material that experiences a change in its resistance when deformed.
8. The sensor of claim 6 , wherein the at least one wire filament comprises at least one of: a pure metal or a metal alloy, an electrically conductive polymer, a semiconductor material or a piezoresistive material.
9. The sensor of claim 6 , wherein the at least one wire filament comprises two or more materials.
10. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the sensor comprises at least a first and second wire filament.
11. The sensor of claim 10 , wherein the first wire filaments has at least one of a different sensitivity to at least one of velocity or temperature than the second wire filament.
12. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the sensor is adapted to measure at least one of flow rates in fluid delivery systems, pressure differences in ventilation systems, or speed of vehicles.
13. A velocity sensor system, comprising:
a velocity sensor of claim 1 ; and
a circuit configured to measure a voltage or resistance of at least one wire filament of the velocity sensor.
14. The velocity sensor system of claim 13 , further comprising:
a circuit configured to automatically adjust the output for temperature changes.
15. The velocity sensor system of claim 13 , further comprising a processor adapted to receive a signal comprising the voltage or resistance of the wire filament and output a signal comprising a calculated fluid stream velocity.
16. The velocity sensor system of claim 13 , further comprising a wireless transceiver capable of transmitting a signal comprising at least one of the voltage of the wire filament, the resistance of the wire filament, or a calculated fluid stream velocity.
17. The velocity sensor system of claim 13 , further comprising a sensor housing adapted to protect at least the circuit.
18. A method for determining velocity of a fluid stream, comprising the steps of:
providing two or more wire filaments each having a different sensitivity to velocity;
measuring a resistance of each of the two wire filaments; and
equating the velocity of the fluid stream to the result of a function of the two resistances,
wherein at least one of the wire filaments has a length dimension longer than at least one of a width or thickness dimension, and at least one wire filament is adapted to be deflected when exposed to the fluid stream, and at least one wire filaments has a dimension in at least one of the primary sensing or transverse direction less than
50
μ
U
ρ
throughout a predetermined operating range, where μ is viscosity of the fluid stream, ρ is density of the fluid stream, and U is velocity of the fluid stream relative to the wire filament.