Electrochemical devices with plastic substrates
An electrochromic device includes a flexible plastic substrate including a front surface, and a rear surface, wherein the rear surface comprises a first conductive material; and a rigid plastic substrate including a front surface, and a rear surface, wherein the front surface comprises a second conductive material, wherein the first substrate is joined to the second substrate by a sealing member, wherein the rear surface of the first substrate and the front surface of the second substrate with the sealing member define a chamber therebetween.
1. An electrochromic device comprising:
a first substrate that is flexible or rigid and having a first shape, a first surface, and a second surface, the second surface comprising a first conductive material;
a second substrate comprising a polymer that is flexible and configured to conform to the shape of the first substrate and having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface comprising a second conductive material; and
a sealing member, joining the second surface of the first substrate to the first surface of the second substrate forming a chamber therebetween;
wherein:
the first conductive material comprises a first conductive nanowire coating, a first conductive metal mesh, or a first insulator/metal/insulator stack (IMI stack);
the first surface, the second surface, or both the first surface and the second surface of the second substrate comprises an adhesion promotion layer;
the first substrate comprises an ultraviolet light absorbing layer;
the second surface is coated with a first polymer-based electrochromic film comprising an anodic material; and
the chamber comprises a fluid medium containing a UV-curable gelling agent.
2. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the first surface,
the second surface, or both the first surface and the second surface of the second substrate comprises a gas diffusion barrier.
3. The electrochromic device of claim 2 , wherein the gas diffusion barrier(s) comprises a layer applied by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), a layer applied by neutral beam assisted sputtering (NBAS), a layer applied by atomic layer deposition (ALD), a co-polymer of ethylene vinyl alcohol, a polyvinyl alcohol, a polymeric film of self-assembled nanoparticles (SNAP), a multilayer barrier comprising alternating layers of organic and inorganic materials, or a multilayer barrier comprising alternating thin films of cationic and anionic polymers, or a flexible, thin glass film.
4. The electrochromic device of claims 1 , wherein the first substrate, the second substrate, or both the first substrate and the second substrate comprise polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, a cycloolefin polymer (COP), a cycloolefin co-polymer (COC), an acrylic, a polyamide, or an epoxy.
5. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the second conductive material comprises a second conductive nanowire coating, a second conductive metal mesh, or a second IMI stack.
6. The electrochromic device of claim 5 , further comprising a conductive coating overlaying either or both of the first or second conductive material.
7. The electrochromic device of claim 6 , wherein the conductive coating comprises a transparent conductive oxide, carbon nanotubes, graphene, or a conductive polymer.
8. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the chamber comprises a first polymer-based electrochromic film.
9. The electrochromic device of claim 8 , wherein the first polymer-based electrochromic film is a first thermoplastic electrochromic film.
10. The electrochromic device of claim 9 , wherein the first thermoplastic electrochromic film comprises a first electroactive material and a first thermoplastic polymer.
11. The electrochromic device of claim 10 , wherein the first electroactive material is a cathodic material, and anodic material, or a mixture of a cathodic material and an anodic material.
12. The electrochromic device of claim 11 , wherein the cathodic material comprises a viologen.
13. The electrochromic device of claim 11 , wherein the anodic material comprises a phenazine, a phenothiazine, a triphenodithiazine, a carbazole, an indolocarbazole, a biscarbazole, or a ferrocene.
14. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the adhesion promotion layer comprises a translucent layer of aluminum, titanium, copper, or chromium.
15. The electrochromic device of claim 14 , wherein the adhesion promotion layer comprises a translucent layer of chromium.
16. The electrochromic device of claim 14 , wherein the adhesion promotion layer has a thickness of less than 5 nm.
17. The electrochromic device of claim 16 , wherein the adhesion promotion layer exhibits a transmission of greater than 50%.
18. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the adhesion promotion layer comprises a polyimide.