Time-varying spark current magnitude to improve spark plug performance and durability
In certain embodiments, a time-varying spark current ignition system can be applied to improve spark plug ignitability performance and durability as compared to conventional spark ignition systems. Two performance parameters of interest are spark plug life (durability) and spark plug ignitability. In certain embodiments, spark plug life can be extended by applying a spark current amplitude as low as possible without causing quenching of the flame kernel while it is traveling within an electrode gap and/or by applying spark current of a long enough duration to allow the spark/flame kernel to clear a spark plug gap. In certain embodiments, ignitability can be improved by applying a high enough spark current amplitude to sustain the flame kernel once outside the spark plug gap and/or by applying a spark current for long enough to sustain the flame kernel once outside the spark plug gap.
1. A method of varying spark current, comprising:
providing a spark plug comprising a primary electrode and one or more ground electrodes offset from the primary electrode to form one or more electrode gaps;
disposing the spark plug to dispose the primary electrode and one or more ground electrodes within a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine;
introducing a flow of fuel-air mixture through the one or more electrode gaps;
introducing a spark current across at least one of the one or more electrode gaps to ignite the fuel-air mixture; and
after spark onset increasing the spark current at a rate approximately proportional to a variation of surface-to-volume ratio of an electrode gap over a distance traveled by the spark channel to cause a spark channel to grow in diameter according to flow of fuel-air mixture within the one or more electrode gaps and the spark channel to move onto surfaces of the one or more electrode gaps;
wherein the step of increasing the spark current comprises increasing the spark current from a start of less than about 150 mA to more than about 150 mA, generating a flow velocity in the one or more electrode gaps greater than about 3 m/s and wherein the one or more electrode gaps comprise a surface-to-volume ratio greater than about 3 mm −1 ; and
wherein the spark current is varied according to known flow momentum in the one or more electrode gaps to grow the spark channel diameter and to generate aerodynamic forces, acting upon the spark channel, and sufficient to achieve proper spark channel travel during spark discharge.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of increasing the spark current comprises increasing the spark current progressively.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of increasing the spark current comprises increasing the spark current at a rate approximately proportional to a rate of increase of spark travel.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of increasing the spark current comprises increasing the spark current based at least in part on at least one geometry characteristic of the one or more electrode gaps.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more electrode gaps contain a substantially uniform flow of a fuel-air mixture.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining an electrode surface temperature; and
adjusting the magnitude of the spark current in response to the electrode surface temperature.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining a pressure increase in the combustion chamber; and
truncating the application of the spark current if the pressure increase exceeds a predetermined threshold.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining a flame kernel growth in the electrode gap; and
truncating the application of the spark current if the flame kernel growth exceeds a predetermined threshold.
9. A pre-combustion chamber spark plug comprising:
an external surface and an internal surface enclosing a prechamber volume;
one or more holes communicating between the external surface and the internal surface for introducing a fuel-air mixture into the prechamber volume;
a primary electrode disposed within the prechamber volume; and
one or more ground electrodes disposed within the prechamber volume and offset from the primary electrode to form one or more electrode gaps configured for introducing a time-varying spark current across the one or more electrode gaps and increasing the spark current after spark onset at a rate approximately proportional to a variation of surface-to-volume ratio of an electrode gap over a distance traveled by the spark channel to cause a spark channel to grow in diameter according to flow of fuel-air mixture within the one or more electrode gaps and the spark channel to move onto surfaces of the one or more electrode gaps;
wherein the spark current is increased from a start of less than about 150 mA to more than about 150 mA, generating a flow velocity in the one or more electrode gaps greater than about 3 m/s and wherein the one or more electrode gaps comprise a surface-to-volume ratio greater than about 3 mm −1 ; and
wherein the spark current is varied according to known flow momentum in the one or more electrode gaps, to grow the spark channel diameter and to generate aerodynamic forces, acting upon the spark channel, and sufficient to achieve proper spark channel travel during spark discharge.
10. The pre-combustion chamber spark plug of claim 9 , wherein the time-varying spark current comprises a progressively increasing spark current.
11. The pre-combustion chamber spark plug of claim 9 , wherein the time-varying spark current comprises a spark current that increases at a rate approximately proportional to a rate of increase of spark travel.
12. The pre-combustion chamber spark plug of claim 9 , wherein the time-varying spark current comprises a spark current that increases based at least in part on the geometry characteristics of the electrode spark gap.
13. The pre-combustion chamber spark plug of claim 9 , further comprising a substantially uniform flow of fuel-air mixture through the one or more electrode gaps.
14. The pre-combustion chamber spark plug of claim 9 , wherein the time-varying spark current varies with time based at least in part on a velocity magnitude of flow of fuel-air mixture through the one or more electrode gaps and electrode gap surface-to-volume ratio.
15. The pre-combustion chamber spark plug of claim 9 , wherein the magnitude of the time-varying spark current is adjusted in response to the electrode surface temperature.
16. The pre-combustion chamber spark plug of claim 9 , wherein the spark current is configured to be truncated if the pressure increase exceeds a predetermined threshold.
17. The pre-combustion chamber spark plug of claim 9 , wherein the spark current is configured to be truncated if flame kernel growth exceeds a predetermined threshold.