Membrane-based gas separation with retentate sweep
A multi-stage polymeric membrane module system separates a gas, such as air, into components of high purity. In at least two of the stages, a portion of the retentate gas is directed into the low-pressure side of the module, to act as a sweep gas. The use of the sweep gas reduces the partial pressure of permeate gas on the low-pressure side of the membrane, and therefore improves the flow of permeate through the membrane. In a preferred embodiment, there are three modules. The output streams are taken from the retentate outlet of one module, and from the permeate outlet of another module. The output streams have very high purity, relative to the number of modules required, as compared with systems of the prior art.
1. Apparatus for non-cryogenic separation of a gas into components, comprising:
a) three stages, labeled Stage 1 , Stage 2 , and Stage 3 , each of Stages 1 - 3 comprising a membrane module defining a path for an inlet gas to flow through a polymeric membrane, each module having an inlet connected to a high-pressure side upstream of the membrane, each module having a low-pressure side downstream of the membrane, the module including a permeate outlet for collecting gas which has permeated the membrane, and a retentate outlet for collecting gas which has not permeated the membrane,
b) a conduit connecting the retentate outlet of Stage 1 to the low-pressure side of the membrane of Stage 1 , a conduit connecting the retentate outlet of Stage 1 to an inlet of Stage 2 , and a conduit connecting the permeate outlet of Stage 1 to an inlet of Stage 3 ,
c) a conduit connecting the retentate outlet of Stage 2 to the low-pressure side of the membrane of Stage 2 , and a conduit connecting the permeate outlet of Stage 2 to an inlet of Stage 1 ,
d) a conduit connecting the retentate outlet of Stage 3 to the inlet of Stage 1 ,
wherein product components are taken from the retentate outlet of Stage 2 and the permeate outlet of Stage 3 .
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a compressor connected to the inlet of Stage 1 , wherein gas entering Stage 1 is compressed by the compressor.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the conduit connecting the permeate outlet of Stage 2 to the inlet of Stage 1 is connected upstream of the compressor.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the conduit connecting the retentate outlet of Stage 3 to the inlet of Stage 1 is connected upstream of the compressor.
5. A method of non-cryogenically separating a gas into components, comprising the steps of:
a) providing three modules, labeled Stage 1 , Stage 2 , and Stage 3 , each module having a polymeric membrane defining a high-pressure side and a low-pressure side, each module having an inlet port connected to the high-pressure side, and a retentate outlet port and a permeate outlet port, the retentate outlet port providing an outlet for gas on the high-pressure side, and the permeate outlet port providing an outlet for gas on the low-pressure side,
b) conveying a gas into the inlet port of Stage 1 ,
c) conveying a portion of gas from the retentate outlet port of Stage 1 into the low-pressure side of Stage 1 , while conveying a remainder of gas from the retentate port of Stage 1 into the inlet port of Stage 2 ,
d) conveying a portion of gas from the retentate outlet port of Stage 2 into the low-pressure side of Stage 2 ,
e) conveying gas from the permeate outlet port of Stage 1 into the inlet port of Stage 3 ,
f) conveying gas from the retentate outlet port of Stage 3 to the inlet port of Stage 1 ,
g) conveying gas from the permeate outlet port of Stage 2 to the inlet port of Stage 1 , and
h) withdrawing output streams from the retentate outlet port of Stage 2 and the permeate outlet port of Stage 3 .
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein steps b) through h) are performed substantially simultaneously.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein steps f) and g) include conveying said gases to a compressor connected to the inlet port of Stage 1 .
8. The method of claim 5 , further comprising selecting the portion of gas conveyed from the retentate outlet port of Stage 1 to be less than 5% of the retentate gas exiting Stage 1 .
9. The method of claim 5 , further comprising selecting the portion of gas conveyed from the retentate outlet port of Stage 2 to be less than 10% of the retentate gas exiting Stage 2 .