Bioerodible magnesium alloy microstructures for endoprostheses
A bioerodible endoprosthesis includes a bioerodible body including an alloy comprising at least 85 weight percent magnesium and at least one high-melting-temperature element having a melting temperature of greater than 700° C. The alloy has a microstructure including equiaxed magnesium-rich phase grains and optionally high-melting-temperature intermetallic phases. The equiaxed magnesium-rich phase grains have an average grain diameter of less than or equal to 10 microns. High-melting-temperature intermetallic phases, if present, can have an average longest dimension of 3 microns or less.
1. A bioerodible endoprosthesis comprising:
a bioerodible body comprising an alloy comprising at least 85 weight percent magnesium and at least one high-melting-temperature element having a melting temperature of greater than 700° C., the alloy having a microstructure comprising equiaxed magnesium-rich phase grains and high-melting-temperature intermetallic phases, the equiaxed magnesium-rich phase grains having an average grain diameter of less than or equal to 10 microns and the high-melting-temperature intermetallic phases comprising at least 20 weight percent of the at least one high-melting-temperature elements and having an average longest dimension of 3 microns or less;
wherein the bioerodible body is created by performing at least one high-strain process on an ingot or a billet at a temperature from 250 degrees C. to 400 degrees C. and an intermediate annealing step at a temperature from 150 degrees C. to 250 degrees C. to form the microstructure comprising the equiaxed magnesium-rich phase grains and the high-melting-temperature intermetallic phases; and
wherein the alloy of the bioerodible body is formed by rapid solidifying, prior to performing the at least one high-strain process on an ingot or a billet, by cooling the alloy to a temperature of 650 degrees C. or less at a rate of at least 3.0 degrees C. per second to form a cast alloy.
2. The endoprosthesis of claim 1 , wherein the at least one high-melting-temperature element is a rare earth metal.
3. The endoprosthesis of claim 1 , wherein the at least one high-melting-temperature element has a melting temperature of at least 1,000° C.
4. The endoprosthesis of claim 1 , wherein the at least one high-melting-temperature element is selected from the group consisting of neodymium, tin, yttrium, cerium, lanthanum, and gadolinium.
5. The endoprosthesis of claim 1 , wherein the alloy comprises between 0.5 and 5.0 weight percent of the at least one high-melting-temperature element.
6. The endoprosthesis of claim 1 , wherein the high-melting-temperature intermetallic phases are primarily centered upon grain boundaries between equiaxed magnesium-rich phase grains and do not extend into an interior of the equiaxed magnesium-rich phase grains by more than 0.3 microns from a grain boundary when viewed at 200-500× magnification on a metallography plane.
7. The endoprosthesis of claim 1 , wherein the alloy further comprises aluminum, zinc, manganese, or a combination thereof.
8. The endoprosthesis of claim 7 , wherein the microstructure further comprises low-melting-temperature intermetallic phases having an average longest dimension of 1 micron or less, the low-melting-temperature intermetallic phases comprising aluminum, zinc, manganese, or a combination thereof.
9. The endoprosthesis of claim 8 , wherein the low-melting-temperature intermetallic phases comprise Mg 17 Al 12 .
10. The endoprosthesis of claim 1 , wherein the alloy has an elastic modulus of between 39 GPa and 44 GPa, a 0.2% offset yield strength of between 150 MPa and 350 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of between 250 MPa and 400 MPa, and a tensile reduction in area of at least 30%.
11. The endoprosthesis of claim 1 , wherein the alloy maintains an initial elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and a tensile RIA within +/−10% following storage for 180 days at a temperature of between 20° C. and 25° C. and a relative humidity of less than 30%.
12. The endoprosthesis of claim 11 , wherein the bioerodible body comprises between 5 and 11 weight percent aluminum, between 0.1 and 3.0 weight percent zinc, up to 0.3 weight percent manganese, and between 0.6 and 1.5 weight percent neodymium, and balance magnesium.
13. The endoprosthesis of claim 1 , wherein the endoprosthesis is a stent comprising a plurality of struts, wherein the struts have a width to thickness ratio of less than 1.2.
14. The endoprosthesis of claim 1 , wherein the rate of cooling the alloy to a temperature of 650 degrees C. or less is at least 30 degrees C. per second to form the cast alloy.