Lipids that increase insulin sensitivity and methods of using the same
The invention provides, inter alia, fatty acyl hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA; a novel class of estolide-related molecules) and diagnostic and treatment methods for a variety of disorders—including diabetes-related disorders, Metabolic Syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome, cancer, and inflammatory disorders—using them; as well as methods of screening for additional compounds that are useful in treating these disorders and/or that modulate FAHFA levels, FAHFA-mediated signaling, and FAHFA-mediated biological effects.
1. A compound according to the formula:
or a salt thereof, wherein:
m is an integer from 0 to 21;
n is an integer from 0 to 21;
the sum of m and n is an integer from 11 to 21;
W, for each occurrence, is independently (CR 1 R 2 ) or (C(R 3 )═C(R 4 ));
R 1 and R 2 , for each occurrence, are independently selected from H, (C 6 -C 12 )aryl, or (C 1 -C 12 )alkyl;
R 3 and R 4 , for each occurrence, are independently selected from H, (C 6 -C 12 )aryl, (C 5 -C 12 )heteroaryl, —(CO)(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 12 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 12 )alkoxy, or hydroxyl;
Z is —O(CO)O—, —O(CO)NH—, or —NH(CO)O—;
Y is OH or OR 5 ;
R 5 is (C 1 -C 12 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 12 )aryl, (C 5 -C 12 )heteroaryl, or (C 12 -C 24 )alkenyl; and
M is (CH 2 ) 11-23 CH 3 .