Stretchable composite conductors for flexible electronics, stretchable plasmonic devices, optical filters, and implantable devices and methods for manufacture thereof
New stretchable electrically conductive composite materials comprising at least one polymer and a plurality of nanoparticles are provided, which exhibit high conductivity even at high strain levels. The composite may comprise polyurethane as the polymer and spherical gold nanoparticles. Such materials have conductivity levels as high as 11,000 Scm −1 at 0% strain and 2,400 Scm −1 at 110% strain. Furthermore, certain embodiments of the composite have a maximum tensile strain of 480% while still exhibiting conductivity of 35 Scm −1 . The inventive materials are highly flexible, highly conductive and suitable for a variety of applications, especially for advanced medical devices, implants, and flexible electronics. The disclosure also provides methods of making such stretchable electrically conductive nanocomposites, including formation by layer-by-layer and vacuum assisted flocculation. In certain embodiments, stretchable chiral plasmonic composite materials for use as optic devices and methods for making them are provided.
1. A stretchable composite chiral plasmonic material comprising:
a twisted composite film comprising an elastic polymer having a maximum strain of greater than or equal to about 50% and a plurality of nanoparticles dispersed in the elastic polymer, wherein the twisted composite film has either a left handed chirality or a right handed chirality based on a rotational direction of the twisted composite film and the twisted composite film is capable of reversibly transitioning from a twisted first state to a relaxed second state to control chiroptical properties of the stretchable composite chiral plasmonic material, and wherein the twisted composite film comprises a plurality of layers of the elastic polymer and plurality of nanoparticles dispersed in the elastic polymer.
2. The stretchable composite chiral plasmonic material of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanoparticles has a maximum dimension of less than or equal to about 100 nm and is selected from the group consisting of: gold, silver, copper, nickel, iron, carbon, platinum, silicon, CdTe, CdSe, CdS, HgTe, HgSe, HgS, PbTe, PbSe, PbS, MoS 2 , FeS 2 , FeS, FeSe, and combinations thereof.
3. The stretchable composite chiral plasmonic material of claim 1 , wherein the elastic polymer comprises polyurethane and the plurality of nanoparticles comprises gold nanoparticles.
4. The stretchable composite chiral plasmonic material of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanoparticles is present at greater than or equal to about 15 volume % to less than or equal to about 30 volume % of the total volume of the stretchable composite chiral plasmonic material.
5. A stretchable composite chiral plasmonic material comprising:
a twisted composite film comprising an elastic polymer having a maximum strain of greater than or equal to about 50% and a plurality of nanoparticles dispersed in the elastic polymer, wherein the twisted composite film comprises a plurality of buckles and has either a left handed chirality or a right handed chirality based on a rotational direction of the twisted composite film and the twisted composite film is capable of reversibly transitioning from a twisted first state to a relaxed second state to control chiroptical properties of the stretchable composite chiral plasmonic material, and wherein the twisted composite film comprises a plurality of layers of the elastic polymer and plurality of nanoparticles dispersed in the elastic polymer.
6. The stretchable composite chiral plasmonic material of claim 5 , wherein the plurality of nanoparticles has a maximum dimension of less than or equal to about 100 nm and is selected from the group consisting of: gold, silver, copper, nickel, iron, carbon, platinum, silicon, CdTe, CdSe, CdS, HgTe, HgSe, HgS, PbTe, PbSe, PbS, MoS 2 , FeS 2 , FeS, FeSe, and combinations thereof.
7. The stretchable composite chiral plasmonic material of claim 5 , wherein the elastic polymer comprises polyurethane and the plurality of nanoparticles comprises gold nanoparticles.
8. The stretchable composite chiral plasmonic material of claim 5 , wherein the plurality of nanoparticles is present at greater than or equal to about 15 volume % to less than or equal to about 30 volume % of the total volume of the stretchable composite chiral plasmonic material.
9. A method for forming a stretchable chiral plasmonic material comprising:
applying a first charged material having a first polarity to a twisted substrate having a second polarity opposite to the first polarity;
applying a second charged material having the second polarity over the first charged material in a layer-by-layer process, wherein the first charged material and the second charged material are distinct from one another and selected from an elastic polymer and a plurality of nanoparticles; and
removing the first charged material and the second charged material from the twisted substrate, wherein the first charged material and the second charged material together define a plasmonic twisted composite film having either a left-handed chirality or a right-handed chirality based on a rotational direction of the twisted substrate, wherein the plasmonic twisted composite film comprises the elastic polymer having a maximum strain of greater than or equal to about 50% and the plurality of nanoparticles dispersed in the elastic polymer, wherein the plasmonic twisted composite film is capable of reversibly transitioning from a first twisted state to a second relaxed state to control chiroptical properties of the stretchable composite chiral plasmonic material, and wherein the plasmonic twisted composite film comprises a plurality of layers of the elastic polymer and plurality of nanoparticles dispersed in the elastic polymer.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein after the applying steps, permitting the plasmonic twisted composite film to relax from a first twisted state to a second relaxed state to facilitate buckling of the plasmonic twisted composite film.
11. The method of claim 9 , further comprising forming a plurality of layers by repeated sequential applying of the first charged material and the second charged material before the removing of the first charged material and the second charged material from the twisted substrate.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the first charged material is a positively-charged polyurethane and the second charged material is a plurality of gold nanoparticles having a negatively-charged surface layer.