Method and regulation apparatus for regulating a fuel cell or a fuel cell stack

1. A method for regulating a fuel cell or a fuel cell stack comprising:

detecting a current-voltage characteristic of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack at time intervals during operation of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack, wherein the detected current-voltage characteristic has a gradient with a minimum;

determining an operating point of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack by determining a first value corresponding to a value for the minimum of the gradient or a resistance value related to the minimum of the gradient, from the detected current-voltage characteristic, and adding a predefined offset value to the first value; and

regulating the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack using the determined operation point.

2. A method in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack are regulated via a regulable consumer or a regulable current sink which are connected to the output of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack.

3. A method in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the regulable consumer is a voltage converter or an inverter whose outputs are connectable to a power grid.

4. A method in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the value for the minimum of the gradient is the value of the internal resistance or of the area specific resistance of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack in the minimum of the gradient or wherein the resistance value related to the minimum of the gradient is linked with the value of the internal resistance or of the area specific resistance of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack in the minimum of the gradient.

5. A method in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the value for the minimum of the gradient or the resistance value related to the minimum of the gradient is mathematically determined from the current-voltage characteristic-numerically or by mathematical derivation from the current-voltage characteristic.

6. A method in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack is voltage controlled by regulating cell voltage or output voltage, or wherein the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack is current controlled by regulating current or current density.

7. A method in accordance with claim 1 , wherein first a sum value is determined by addition of the predefined offset value to the first value and wherein a value corresponding to the sum value is determined with the aid of the current-voltage characteristic for cell voltage or for output voltage or for current or for current density which serves as a desired value for regulation of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack.

8. A method in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the current-voltage characteristic of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack is detected in operation a second time after at least 200 h or at least 500 h or at least 1000 h or every 200 h or every 500 h or every 1000 h and the operating point is determined again from the current-voltage characteristic detected the second time.

9. A regulating apparatus for a fuel cell, a fuel cell stack or a fuel cell system, configured to regulate the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack or the fuel cell system by means of a method in accordance with claim 1 .

10. A regulating apparatus in accordance with claim 9 , wherein the regulating apparatus is connected to an output of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack, and contains a measuring and regulating unit which are configured to detect the current-voltage characteristic of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack and to determine the value for the minimum of the gradient or the resistance value related to the minimum of the gradient from the detected current-voltage characteristic in order to determine the operating point.

11. A regulating apparatus in accordance with claim 9 , additionally containing a regulable consumer or a regulable current sink which can be connected to the output of the fuel cell or of the fuel cell stack to regulate the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack via the regulable consumer or the regulable current sink.

12. A fuel cell or fuel cell stack or fuel cell system having a regulating apparatus in accordance with claim 9 .