Selection of symbiota by screening multiple host-symbiont associations
The present invention relates to new methods of selecting and breeding organisms, in particular organisms which exhibit symbiotic behaviour with symbionts, and to new organisms and symbiota developed thereby, such as plant or grass and endophyte symbiota. Multiple symbionts are deployed in multiple organisms and selected for improved symbiotic compatibility and performance early in the breeding process. Methods include producing improved organisms from germplasm, by inoculating host organism germplasm libraries with symbionts selected from symbiont libraries and selecting improved host organisms exhibiting desired symbiota characteristics, and selection of organism-symbiont associations with a desired genetic and metabolic profile by metagenomic analysis of nucleic acid libraries from an organism or organism-symbiont association.
1. A method for producing an improved organism including:
(i) providing a library of plant germplasm; and a library of symbionts;
(ii) inoculating the germplasm library with one or more symbionts selected from the symbiont library to generate symbiota [and optionally breeding the symbiota to produce offspring symbiota];
(iii) screening and/or evaluating the symbiota for desired symbiota characteristic(s) and then selecting symbiota exhibiting desired characteristic (s) and then selecting symbiota exhibiting desired characteristic(s); and
(iv) subsequently identifying, culturing or otherwise using the symbiota exhibiting desired characteristic(s) to produce the improved plant;
wherein:
said library of plant germplasm includes 100s to 1000s of genotypes;
said library of symbionts includes 10s to 100s of genotypes; and
said step of [breeding, selecting,] screening and/or evaluating the symbiota includes a step of genetic analysis and/or metabolic analysis; and
said step of screening and/or evaluating the symbiota includes subjecting symbiota to a rapid endophyte viability assay,
said assay including:
growing the inoculated germplasm or symbiota to 1 to 10 days old;
extracting DNA and/or RNA from the symbiota: and
subjecting the extracted DNA and/or RNA to an assay for in planta expressed endophyte-specific genes to enable early in planta endophyte viability assessment.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the symbiont(s) is capable of forming symbiotic associations with the plant.
3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the symbiont is selected from one or more of fungi, viruses, bacteria and other microbes.
4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the symbiont(s) includes a genetic variation selected to enhance symbiont trait introgression.
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the genetic variation is introduced via one or more of random mutagenesis, di-poly-ploidisation, targeted mutagenesis, cisgenesis; transgenesis; intragenesis.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the organism is a plant having symbiotic compatibility with an endophyte.
7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the plant germplasm is present as an embryo.
8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the embryo is coated with a symbiont-containing coating layer, to form an artificial seed.
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the embryo is treated to create one or more points of entry for the symbiont.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a population of plant germplasm is inoculated with a population of symbionts, so that favourable host-symbiont associations may be identified.
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the screening step (iii) includes screening artificial seeds and/or their offspring for compatibility and/or stability by accelerated ageing and selecting symbiota exhibiting desired characteristics, wherein ageing is accelerated by subjecting the seeds and/or their offspring to high temperature and/or high moisture content.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the plant is a grass or a legume.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the [inoculated germplasm or] symbiota are grown to 3 to 5 days.
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the DNA/RNA is co-extracted in a single step.