Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus
An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a single-layer photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, an additive, and a binder resin. An optical response time is in a range from 0.05 milliseconds to 0.85 milliseconds. The optical response time is a time from irradiation of a surface of the photosensitive layer charged to +800 V with pulse light having a wavelength of 780 nm to surface potential decay of the photosensitive layer from +800 V to +400 V. An optical intensity of the pulse light is set so that the surface potential of the photosensitive layer becomes +200 V from +800 V after 400 milliseconds from pulse light irradiation of the surface of the photosensitive layer charged to the +800 V. The additive includes either of both an ultraviolet absorbing agent and an antioxidant.
1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer of a single layer, wherein
the photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, an additive, and a binder resin,
an optical response time is at least 0.05 milliseconds and no greater than 0.85 milliseconds,
the optical response time is a time from irradiation to decay, the irradiation being a time of a start of irradiation of a surface of the photosensitive layer charged to +800 V with pulse light having a wavelength of 780 nm, the decay being a time when a surface potential of the photosensitive layer decays from +800 V to +400 V,
an optical intensity of the pulse light is set so that the surface potential of the photosensitive layer becomes+200 V from +800 V when 400 milliseconds elapse after the irradiation of the surface of the photosensitive layer charged to +800 V with the pulse light,
the additive includes a compound represented by a general formula (1), and
a mass m HTM of the hole transport material, a mass m ETM of the electron transport material, and a mass m R of the binder resin satisfy a relational expression (A) shown below:
[( m HTM +m ETM )/ m R ]>1.30 (A),
where in the general formula (1),
R 1 represents a halogen atom or an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6 and substituted by a halogen atom,
R 2 represents an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 10, an aralkyl group having a carbon number of at least 7 and no greater than 20, or an aryl group having a carbon number of at least 6 and no greater than 22,
n and m each represent, independently of each other, an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 4,
when n represents an integer of at least 2 and no greater than 4, plural chemical groups R 1 may be the same as or different from one another, and
when m represents an integer of at least 2 and no greater than 4, plural chemical groups R 2 may be the same as or different from one another.
2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein
the compound represented by the general formula (1) includes a compound represented by a chemical formula (AD1) or (AD2) shown below,
3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein
a ratio m HTM /m ETM of a mass m HTM of the hole transport material to a mass m ETM of the electron transport material is at least 1.2 and no greater than 4.0.
4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein
a content of the hole transport material is at least 35% by mass and no greater than 65% by mass relative to a mass of the photosensitive layer.
5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein
a content of the compound represented by the general formula (1) is at least 0.1 parts by mass and no greater than 15 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.
6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein
the optical response time is at least 0.05 milliseconds and no greater than 0.60 milliseconds.
7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein
the hole transport material includes a compound represented by a general formula (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16), (17), or (18) shown below,
where in the general formula (11),
Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , and Q 4 each represent, independently of one another, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , and b 4 each represent, independently of one another, an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 5, and
b 5 represents 0 or 1,
in the general formula (12),
Q 21 and Q 28 each represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a phenyl group optionally substituted by an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, or an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
Q 22 and Q 29 each represent, independently of each other, a phenyl group, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, or an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
Q 23 , Q 24 , Q 25 , Q 26 , and Q 27 each represent, independently of one another, a phenyl group, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, or an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
two adjacent chemical groups among Q 23 , Q 24 , Q 25 , Q 26 and Q 27 may be bonded together to form a ring,
d 1 and d 2 each represent, independently of each other, an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 2, and
d 3 and d 4 each represent, independently of each other, an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 5,
in the general formula (13),
Q 31 , Q 32 , Q 33 , and Q 34 each represent, independently of one another, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6 or an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
e 1 , e 2 , e 3 , and e 4 each represent, independently of one another, an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 5, and
e 5 represents 2 or 3,
in the general formula (14),
Q 41 , Q 42 , Q 43 , Q 44 , Q 45 , and Q 46 each represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, a phenyl group, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, or an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
Q 47 , Q 48 , Q 49 , and Q 50 each represent, independently of one another, a phenyl group, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, or an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
g 1 and g 2 each represent, independently of each other, an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 5,
g 3 and g 4 each represent, independently of each other, an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 4, and
f represents 0 or 1,
in the general formula (15),
Q 51 , Q 52 , Q 53 , Q 54 , Q 55 , and Q 56 each represent, independently of one another, a phenyl group, an alkenyl group having a carbon number of at least 2 and no greater than 4 and optionally substituted by at least one phenyl group, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, or an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
h 3 and h 6 each represent, independently of each other, an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 4, and
h 1 , h 2 , h 4 , and h 5 each represent, independently of one another, an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 5,
in the general formula (16),
Q 61 , Q 62 , and Q 63 each represent, independently of one another, a phenyl group, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, or an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
f 1 , f 2 , and f 3 each represent, independently of one another, an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 5,
Q 64 , Q 65 , and Q 66 each represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, a phenyl group optionally substituted by an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, or an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, and
f 4 , f 5 , and f 6 each represent, independently of one another, 0 or 1,
in the general formula (17),
Q 71 , Q 72 , Q 73 , Q 74 , Q 75 , and Q 76 each represent, independently of one another, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, or an aryl group having a carbon number of at least 6 and no greater than 14,
n 1 , n 2 , n 3 , n 4 , n 5 , and n 6 each represent, independently of one another, an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 5,
x represents an integer of at least 1 and no greater than 3, and
r and s each represent, independently of each other, 0 or 1, and
in the general formula (18),
Q 81 and Q 82 each represent, independently of each other, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6 or an aryl group having a carbon number of at least 6 and no greater than 14, with a proviso that at least one of Q 81 and Q 82 represents an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
Q 83 represents an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, an aralkyl group having a carbon number of at least 7 and no greater than 20, or an aryl group having a carbon number of at least 6 and no greater than 14,
m represents an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 5, and
p represents an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 2.
8. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 7 , wherein
in the general formula (11),
Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , and Q 4 each represent, independently of one another, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 3,
b 1 , b2, b3, and b4 each represent, independently of one another, 0 or 1, and
b 5 represents 0 or 1,
in the general formula (12),
Q 21 and Q 28 each represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom or a phenyl group optionally substituted by an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
Q 22 and Q 29 each represent, independently of each other, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
Q 23 , Q 24 , Q 25 , Q 26 , and Q 27 each represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, or an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
two adjacent chemical groups among Q 23 , Q 24 , Q 25 , Q 26 and Q 27 may be bonded together to form a cycloalkane having a carbon number of at least 5 and no greater than 7,
d 1 and d 2 each represent, independently of each other, an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 2, and
d 3 and d 4 each represent, independently of each other, 0 or 1,
in the general formula (13),
Q 31 , Q 32 , Q 33 , and Q 34 each represent, independently of one another, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
e 1 , e 2 , e 3 , and e 4 each represent, independently of one another, 0 or 1, and
e 5 represents 2 or 3,
in the general formula (14), Q 41 , Q 42 , Q 43 , Q 44 , Q 45 , and Q 46 each represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
g 1 and g 2 each represent 0,
g 3 and g 4 each represent 0, and
f represents 0 or 1,
in the general formula (15),
Q 51 , Q 52 , Q 53 , Q 54 , Q 55 , and Q 56 each represent, independently of one another, an alkenyl group having a carbon number of at least 2 and no greater than 4 and optionally substituted by at least one phenyl group, or an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
h 3 and h 6 each represent 0, and
h 1 , h 2 , h 4 , and h 5 each represent, independently of one another, an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 2,
in the general formula (16),
Q 61 , Q 62 , and Q 63 each represent, independently of one another, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
f 1 , f 2 , and f 3 each represent, independently of one another, 0 or 1,
Q 64 , Q 65 , and Q 66 each represent a hydrogen atom, and
f 4 , f 5 , and f 6 each represent 0,
in the general formula (17),
Q 71 , Q 72 , Q 73 , Q 74 , Q 75 , and Q 76 each represent, independently of one another, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6,
n 1 , n 2 , n 3 , n 4 , n 5 , and n 6 each represent, independently of one another, 0 or 1,
x represents 2, and
r and s each represent 0, and
in the general formula (18),
both Q 81 and Q 82 represent an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, or one of Q 81 and Q 82 represents an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6 and the other represents an aryl group having a carbon number of at least 6 and no greater than 14,
m represents 0, and
p represents 1.
9. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein
the hole transport material includes a compound represented by a chemical formula (14-HT1), (14-HT2), (12-HT3), (12-HT4), (12-HT5), (12-HT6), (16-HT7), (11-HT8), (11-HT9), (12-HT10), (12-HT11), (12-HT12), (15-HT13), (15-HT14), (15-HT15), (13-HT16), (13-HT17), (12-HT18), (17-HT19), or (18-HT21) shown below,
10. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein
the electron transport material includes a compound represented by a general formula (21), (22), or (23) shown below,
where in the general formula (21), R 11 and R 12 each represent, independently of each other, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, an aryl group having a carbon number of at least 6 and no greater than 14, or an aralkyl group having a carbon number of at least 7 and no greater than 20,
in the general formula (22), R 21 , R 22 , and R 23 each represent, independently of one another, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, an aryl group having a carbon number of at least 6 and no greater than 14 and optionally substituted by a halogen atom, an aralkyl group having a carbon number of at least 7 and no greater than 20, or a heterocyclic group having at least 5 members and no greater than 14 members, and
in the general formula (23), R 31 and R 32 each represent, independently of each other, a halogen atom, an amino group, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, or an aryl group having a carbon number of at least 6 and no greater than 14 and optionally substituted by a substituent.
11. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein
the electron transport material includes a compound represented by a chemical formula (ET1), (ET2), or (ET3) shown below,
12. A process cartridge comprising
the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 .
13. An image forming apparatus comprising:
an image bearing member;
a charger configured to charge a surface of the image bearing member;
a light exposure section configured to expose the charged surface of the image bearing member to light to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the image bearing member;
a developing section configured to develop the electrostatic latent image into a toner image; and
a transfer section configured to transfer the toner image from the image bearing member to a transfer target, wherein
the charger positively charges the surface of the image bearing member, and
the image bearing member is the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 .
14. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein
a content of the compound represented by the general formula (1) is at least 3 parts by mass and no greater than 7 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin, and
the relational expression (A) is a relational expression (A1) shown below,
2.00≤[( m HTM +m ETM )/ m R ]≤3.50 (A1).
15. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein
the hole transport material includes a compound represented by chemical formula (18-HT21) shown below,
16. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein
the compound represented by the general formula (1) is a compound represented by a chemical formula (AD2) shown below,
17. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein
the additive includes no antioxidant.
18. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein
the additive includes only the compound represented by the general formula (1).
19. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein
the hole transport material includes a compound represented by a chemical formula (14-HT1), (14-HT2), (12-HT4), (12-HT5), (12-HT6), (16-HT7), (11-HT8), (12-HT10), (12-HT11), (12-HT12), (15-HT13), (17-HT19), or (18-HT21),
a content of the compound represented by the general formula (1) is at least 0.1 parts by mass and no greater than 7 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin, and
the relational expression (A) is a relational expression (A1) shown below,
2.00≤[( m HTM +m ETM )/ m R ]≤3.50 (A1)