Use of inactivated nonreplicating modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) as monoimmunotherapy or in combination with immune checkpoint blocking agents for solid tumors
The present disclosure relates to infection-competent, but nonreplicative inactivated modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) and its use as immunotherapy, alone, or in combination with immune checkpoint blocking agents for the treatment of malignant solid tumors. Particular embodiments relate to inducing an immune response in a subject diagnosed with a solid malignant tumor.
1. A method for treating a solid malignant tumor in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising delivering to cells of the tumor a therapeutically effective amount of inactivated modified vaccinia Ankara virus (inactivated-MVA), thereby resulting in treatment of the tumor, wherein the inactivated-MVA is heat-inactivated MVA, wherein the tumor is primary or metastatic melanoma, primary or metastatic colon carcinoma, or primary or metastatic breast cancer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treatment comprises one or more of the following:
inducing the immune system of the subject to mount an immune response against the tumor;
reducing the size of the tumor;
eradicating the tumor;
inhibiting growth of the tumor;
inhibiting metastasis of the tumor; and
reducing or eradicating metastatic tumor.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the tumor includes tumor located at the site of inactivated-MVA delivery, or tumor located both at the site and elsewhere in the body of the subject.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the delivery of inactivated-MVA elicits an antitumor immune response comprising one or more of the following:
increased cytotoxic CD8+ T cells within the tumor and/or in tumor-draining lymph nodes;
induction of maturation of dendritic cells infiltrating the tumor through induction of type I IFN;
induction of activated CD4+ effector T cells in the subject recognizing tumor cells within the tumor or systemically;
reduced immune suppressive (regulatory) CD4+ T cells within the tumor; and
induction of cells of the tumor to express MHC Class I on their surface and to produce Type I IFN.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inactivated-MVA is delivered parenterally by intratumoral or intravenous injection.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inactivated-MVA is delivered at a dosage per administration of about 10 5 to about 10 10 plaque-forming units (pfu).
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the delivery is repeated with a frequency within the range from once per month to once per week or more, and continues for several weeks, months, years, or indefinitely until a maximum tolerated dose is reached.
8. A method for treating a solid malignant tumor in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising delivering to tumor cells of the subject a therapeutically effective amount of inactivated modified vaccinia Ankara virus (inactivated-MVA) and conjointly administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an immune checkpoint blocking agent, wherein the inactivated-MVA is heat-inactivated MVA, wherein the tumor is primary or metastatic melanoma, primary or metastatic colon carcinoma, or primary or metastatic breast cancer.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the inactivated-MVA is delivered intratumorally and/or intravenously to the subject, and wherein the immune checkpoint blocking agent is administered intratumorally and/or intravenously to the subject.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the immune checkpoint blocking agent modulates the activity of one or more checkpoint proteins selected from the group consisting of CTLA-4 or its ligands, PD-1 or its ligands, PD-L1, PD-L2, TIGIT, LAG3, B7-H3, B7-H4, TIM3, ICOS, BTLA, and CD28.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the inactivated-MVA is delivered to the subject separately, sequentially, or simultaneously with the administration of an immune checkpoint blocking agent.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein one or both of the inactivated-MVA and the immune checkpoint blocking agent are respectively delivered and administered during a period of time of several weeks, months, or years, or indefinitely until a maximum tolerated dose is reached.
13. The method of claim 8 , wherein the inactivated MVA is delivered at a dosage per administration of about 10 5 to about 10 10 plaque-forming units (pfu).
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inactivated-MVA does not comprise a heterologous nucleic acid encoding or expressing a tumor antigen.
15. The method of claim 8 , wherein the inactivated-MVA does not comprise a heterologous nucleic acid encoding or expressing a tumor antigen.
16. The method of claim 8 , wherein the combination of the inactivated-MVA and the immune checkpoint blocking agent has a synergistic effect in the treatment of the tumor, wherein the immune checkpoint blocking agent is selected from an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, an anti-PD-1 antibody, or an anti-PD-L1 antibody.