Three-dimensional deterministic graphene architectures formed using three-dimensional templates
In one embodiment, a composition of matter includes: a plurality of ligaments each independently comprising one or more layers of graphene; where the plurality of ligaments are arranged according to a deterministic three-dimensional (3D) pattern. In another embodiment, a method of forming a deterministic three-dimensional (3D) architecture of graphene includes: forming or providing a substrate structurally characterized by a predefined 3D pattern; forming one or more layers of metal on surfaces of the substrate; and forming one or more layers of graphene on surfaces of the metal.
1. A composition of matter, comprising:
a plurality of ligaments each independently comprising one or more layers of graphene;
wherein at least portions of the ligaments independently comprise a concentric, hollow bilayer structure; and
wherein the plurality of ligaments are arranged according to a deterministic three-dimensional (3D) pattern.
2. A composition of matter, comprising:
a plurality of ligaments each independently comprising one or more layers of graphene; and
wherein the plurality of ligaments are arranged according to a deterministic three-dimensional (3D) pattern; and
wherein at least portions of the plurality of ligaments independently consist of a single layer of graphene.
3. The composition of matter as recited in claim 2 , wherein the deterministic 3D pattern comprises at least some positive features each independently characterized by a feature size in a range from about 100 nm to about 400 nm.
4. The composition of matter as recited in claim 2 , wherein the plurality of ligaments are coupled to a metal substrate.
5. The composition of matter as recited in claim 4 , wherein the metal substrate is coupled to a polymeric substrate; and
wherein the polymeric substrate structurally defines the deterministic 3D pattern.
6. The composition of matter as recited in claim 5 , wherein the metal substrate comprises one or more metals selected from nickel and copper, wherein the one or more metals are electrolessly plated onto surfaces of the polymeric substrate.
7. The composition of matter as recited in claim 5 , wherein the polymeric substrate comprises at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of hexane diol diacrylate (HDDA), polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).
8. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein either or both of: the portions of the ligaments, and second portions of the ligaments, are perforated.
9. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the deterministic 3D pattern is ordered, and comprises positive features characterized by a feature size of about 100 nm.
10. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein second portions of the ligaments are hollow.
11. The composition of matter as recited in claim 10 , wherein at least some of the second, hollow portions of the ligaments are fully enclosed structures.
12. The composition of matter as recited in claim 2 , wherein at least portions of the ligaments independently comprise a pair of concentric, hollow bilayers.
13. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein at least portions of the deterministic 3D pattern exhibit a gradient in density along at least one axis thereof; and
wherein the ligaments are characterized by a constant ligament density along the at least one axis.
14. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the concentric, hollow bilayer structure comprises:
an exterior ligament layer;
an interior ligament layer; and
an interstitial void between the exterior ligament layer and the interior ligament layer; and
wherein the exterior ligament layer and the interior ligament layer are characterized by a coaxial arrangement.
15. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the concentric, hollow bilayer structure comprises: an exterior ligament layer surrounding an interior ligament layer along a longitudinal axis thereof;
wherein the exterior ligament layer and the interior ligament layer are arranged to form a first, interstitial void therebetween; and
wherein an inner surface of the interior ligament layer defines a second void interior to the interior ligament layer.
16. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the composition of matter is characterized by a density in a range from about 1 mg/cm 3 to about 500 mg/cm 3 .
17. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the deterministic three-dimensional (3D) pattern is characterized by a logpile architecture; and wherein the logpile architecture is characterized by an x/y-axis ligament spacing in a range from about two fold to about ten fold.
18. The composition of matter as recited in claim 17 , wherein the logpile architecture is characterized by a z-axis ligament spacing of about one fold.
19. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of ligaments are coupled to a perforated polymeric substrate.