Quantification of inflammatory molecules in exhaled breath condensate using differential pulse voltammetry on reduced graphene oxide sensor
A device for detecting a biomarker for inflammation in a respiratory system includes a sample collection and/or holding area to receive an exhaled breath condensate (EBC) sample obtained from a respiratory system; an electrode system coupled to the sample collection area, the electrode system including reduced graphene oxide (rGO); and circuitry coupled to the electrode system. The circuitry is configured to apply a voltage to the EBC sample in the sample collection area via the electrode system and to measure a current via the electrode system in response to the voltage applied, in order to determine a concentration of nitrite in the EBC sample based on the current measured. The concentration of nitrite is a biomarker for inflammation in the respiratory system.
1. A device for detecting a biomarker for inflammation in a respiratory system, the device comprising:
a) a sample collection area to receive an exhaled breath condensate (EBC) sample obtained from a respiratory system;
b) an electrode system coupled to the sample collection area, the electrode system including reduced graphene oxide (rGO);
c) circuitry coupled to the electrode system, the circuitry applying a voltage to the EBC sample in the sample collection area via the electrode system and measuring a current via the electrode system in response to the voltage applied, to determine a concentration of nitrite in the EBC sample based on the current measured, the concentration of nitrite being a biomarker for inflammation in the respiratory system.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the sample collection area and the electrode system form a micro-electrochemical cell defining a small volume area to hold the EBC sample.
3. The device of claim 2 , further including a structural layer positioned adjacent the electrode system, the structural layer defining a boundary of the small volume area.
4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the structural layer is fabricated from PDMS.
5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the electrode system includes a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode, the working electrode including the rGO.
6. The device of claim 5 , wherein the working electrode, the counter electrode, and the reference electrode are screen printed on a substrate.
7. The device of claim 5 , wherein the working electrode is formed using a modified drop cast method, the method including the steps of: depositing a drop of graphene oxide (GO) solution on a surface of a metal electrode, forming the drop of GO into a layer of GO on the surface of the metal electrode, and electrochemically reducing the layer of GO to form a layer of rGO.
8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the voltage applied is a time-varying voltage having an amplitude pattern suitable for at least one of cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry.
9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of nitrite in the EBC sample is determined by assessing a peak value in the current measured relative to calibration data.
10. The device of claim 9 , wherein the peak value is assessed at a potential of about 0.7 Volts.
11. The device of claim 9 , further including a processor in communication with the circuitry and a memory storage, the processor configured to retrieve the calibration data from the memory storage and to calculate the concentration of nitrite based on the current measured and the calibration data retrieved from the memory storage.
12. The device of claim 1 , wherein the respiratory system is of a mammalian subject; and the device further includes an output display unit responsive to the determined concentration of nitrite and generating an indication that the subject is asthmatic at threshold concentration levels of the determined concentration of nitrite.
13. The device of claim 1 wherein the EBC sample is one or more of label-free, probe-free, enzyme-free and catalyst-free.
14. A method for detecting a biomarker for inflammation in a respiratory system, the method comprising:
a) receiving an exhaled breath condensate (EBC) sample in a sample collection area, the EBC sample obtained from a respiratory system;
b) applying a voltage to the EBC sample via an electrode system coupled to the sample collection area, the electrode system including reduced graphene oxide (rGO);
c) measuring a current via the electrode system in response to the voltage applied; and
d) determining a concentration of nitrite in the EBC sample based on the current measured, the concentration of nitrite being a biomarker for inflammation in the respiratory system.
15. The method of claim 14 , further including holding the EBC sample in a small volume area of a micro-electrochemical cell formed by the sample collection area and the electrode system.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the voltage applied is a time-varying voltage having an amplitude pattern suitable for at least one of cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the concentration of nitrite in the EBC sample is determined by assessing a peak value in the current measured relative to calibration data.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the peak value is assessed at a potential of about 0.7 Volts.
19. The method of claim 17 , further including retrieving the calibration data from a memory storage and calculating the concentration of nitrite based on the current measured and the calibration data retrieved from the memory storage.
20. The method of claim 14 , wherein the respiratory system is of a mammalian subject; and further including, responsive to the determined concentration of nitrite, generating an indication that the subject is asthmatic at threshold concentration levels of the determined concentration of nitrite.