Apparatuses and methods for low energy data modulation

1. An apparatus, comprising:

a substrate;

a first insulator on at least a portion of the substrate;

a non-linear electro-optical material, where a change of an index of refraction of the non-linear electro-optical material varies proportionally with a change in electric field across the non-linear electro-optical material, and having a side on the first insulator, and a first edge and a second edge;

where the first insulator and the non-linear electro-optical material form an unbent optical waveguide having an input and an output;

wherein the first edge has a Bragg grating with substantially a π phase shift substantially in the center of the Bragg grating;

wherein the Bragg grating on the first edge has periodic surfaces which are substantially perpendicular to the side of the non-linear optical material;

wherein the second edge has a Bragg grating with substantially a π phase shift substantially in the center of the Bragg grating;

wherein the Bragg grating on the second edge has periodic surfaces which are substantially perpendicular to the side of the non-linear optical material;

a first electrode having a side over the substrate and having an edge substantially perpendicular to the periodic surfaces of the Bragg grating on the first edge; and

a second electrode having a side over the substrate and having an edge substantially perpendicular to the periodic surfaces of the Bragg grating on the second edge.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the non-linear electro-optical material has another side opposite the side; and

further comprising a second insulator is on the other side.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the non-linear electro-optical material comprises lithium niobate.

4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the first insulator is silicon dioxide and the second insulator is silicon dioxide.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of each Bragg grating is apodized.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are configured to receive a data signal that is a differential data signal.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a cooling system enclosing the substrate, the first insulator, the non-linear electro-optical material, the first electrode, and the second electrode.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the input is configured to receive an optical carrier signal;

wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode are configured to receive a data signal; and

wherein the output is configured to provide a modulated optical signal.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an optical circulator having a first port, a second port, and a third port;

wherein the third port is coupled to the input;

wherein the first port is configured to receive an optical carrier signal;

wherein the second port is configured to provide a modulated optical signal;

wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode are configured to receive a data signal; and

wherein the output is coupled to an optical termination on the substrate.

10. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an optical directional coupler comprised of optical waveguide formed over the substrate;

wherein the optical directional coupler has a first port, a second port, a third port, and a fourth port;

wherein the second port is coupled to the input;

wherein a first optical termination on the substrate is coupled to the output;

wherein a second optical termination on the substrate is coupled to the third port;

wherein the first port is configured to receive an optical carrier signal;

wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are configured to receive a data signal; and

wherein the fourth port is configured to provide a modulated optical signal.

11. The apparatus of claim 10 , further comprising a cooling system enclosing the substrate, the first insulator, the non-linear electro-optical material, the first electrode, the second electrode, the first optical termination, the second optical termination, and the optical directional coupler.

12. A method of using the apparatus of claim 1 , comprising:

injecting an optical carrier signal into an unbent optical waveguide between two reflectors, where the distance between two reflectors in the center of the two reflectors is substantially zero and the two reflectors undergo substantially a π phase shift where the two reflectors are adjacent;

creating standing waves between the two reflectors in the center, and a single resonance due to constructive interference;

applying a varying electric field across the unbent optical waveguide centered between two reflectors; and

generating a modulated carrier signal at at least one of an input and an output of the unbent optical waveguide between the two reflectors.

13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising providing cooling to the unbent optical waveguide between the two reflectors.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein injecting the optical carrier signal into the unbent optical waveguide between the two reflectors comprises injecting the optical carrier signal into the unbent waveguide between at least two Bragg gratings, where the distance between two Bragg gratings in the center of the at least two Bragg gratings is substantially zero and the two Bragg gratings undergo substantially a π phase shift where the two Bragg gratings are adjacent.