Phase tuning in waveguide arrays
The wavelength response of an arrayed waveguide grating can be tuned, in accordance with various embodiments, using a beam sweeper including one or more heaters to shift a lateral position of light focused by the beam sweeper at an interface of the beam sweeper with an input free propagation region of the arrayed waveguide grating.
1. A system comprising:
a beam sweeper comprising:
an input free propagation region (FPR),
an output FPR,
at least three waveguides connected between the input FPR and the output FPR, the at least three waveguides being configured so as to focus mixed-wavelength light received at the input FPR and propagating in the at least three waveguides from the input FPR to the output FPR at a single focus at an exit surface of the output FPR, and
at least one heater laterally overlapping with the at least three waveguides and configured to impart an incremental phase shift between the light propagating in the at least three waveguides to thereby shift a lateral position of the focus.
2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a dispersive grating optically coupled to the beam sweeper at the exit surface of the output FPR.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the dispersive grating comprises at least one of an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG), an Echelle grating, or a vertical grating coupler.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system comprises an optical switch comprising the beam sweeper.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least three waveguides of the beam sweeper are all equal in length and arranged, in a region immediately preceding the output FPR, along rays emanating from a common center point at an exit surface of the output FPR.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one heater is configured to impart a constant incremental phase shift between all pairs of adjacent waveguides of the at least three waveguides.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein each of the heaters is configured to heat a heated region spatially overlapping the at least three waveguides to a substantially uniform temperature so as to impart a uniform phase shift per unit length of heated waveguide, the heated region being shaped and positioned such that heated waveguide portions increase, between all pairs of adjacent waveguides, by constant length increments.
8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the at least three waveguides are uniformly spaced and the heated regions are triangular in shape.
9. The system of claim 6 , wherein spacings between the at least three waveguides are selected based on a temperature distribution associated with the heaters to achieve the constant incremental phase shift.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one heater comprises a heating filament winding across an area laterally overlapping the at least three waveguides in a region to be heated.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the heating filaments comprises segments of equal and constant width connected by metal connections.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one heater comprises a forward heater and a backward heater, a phase shift imparted by the forward heater being of an opposite sign than a phase shift imparted by the backward heater, whereby the forward heater and the backward heater shift the lateral position of the focus in mutually opposite directions.
13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the heaters laterally overlap with a section of the at least three waveguides in which the at least three waveguides all have a common curvature.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the heaters laterally overlap with straight sections of the at least three waveguides.
15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the beam sweeper is implemented in a photonic integrated circuit comprising a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate including a silicon handle, a buried oxide layer disposed on top of the silicon handle, a silicon device layer disposed on top of the buried oxide layer, and a cladding layer disposed on top of the silicon device layer.
16. The system of claim 15 , further comprising a back-etched region in the silicon handle underneath the pair of heaters.
17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the back-etched region has a constant width across the at least three waveguides.
18. A method comprising:
tuning a focus position of a beam sweeper comprising an input FPR, an output FPR, at least three waveguides connected between the input FPR and the output FPR, and at least one heater laterally overlapping with the at least three waveguides, the at least three waveguides being configured to focus mixed-wavelength light received at the input FPR and propagating in the at least three waveguides from the input FPR to the output FPR at a single focus at an exit surface of the output FPR, the tuning comprising:
using the at least one heater to impart an incremental phase shift between the light propagating in the at least three waveguides to thereby shift a lateral position of the focus.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the output FPR is optically coupled to a dispersive grating, and wherein the focus position of the beam sweeper is tuned to thereby tune a wavelength response of the dispersive grating.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the focus position of the beam sweeper is tuned to perform optical switching.