Methods for liquid extraction of rare earth metals using ionic liquids
A method for extracting a rare earth element from a rare earth-containing substance, the method comprising mixing the rare earth-containing substance with a protic ionic liquid, such as: wherein R 1 is selected from hydrogen atom and hydrocarbon groups containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from hydrocarbon groups containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms; and X − is an anionic species; to produce a composition of the formula (RE)(amide) y X z at least partially dissolved in the protic ionic liquid, wherein RE is at least one rare earth element having an atomic number selected from 39, 57-71, and 90-103; y is 2-6; z is a number that charge balances the total positive charge of RE; and the amide is the conjugate base of the cationic portion of the protic ionic liquid of Formula (1) and has the following formula:
1. A method for extracting a rare earth element from a rare earth-containing substance, the method comprising mixing the rare earth-containing substance with a protic ionic liquid having the following formula:
wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and hydrocarbon groups containing at least 1 and up to 12 carbon atoms; R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon groups containing at least 1 and up to 12 carbon atoms; and X − is an anionic species;
wherein said mixing results in a solution comprising a rare earth composition of the formula (RE)(amide) y X z at least partially dissolved in said protic ionic liquid, wherein RE is at least one rare earth element having an atomic number selected from the group consisting of 39, 57-71, and 90-103 and having a positive oxidation state; y is 2-6; z is a number that charge balances the total positive charge of the at least one rare earth element (RE); X is equivalent to X − in the ionic liquid of Formula (1); and said amide is the conjugate base of the cationic portion of the protic ionic liquid of Formula (1) and has the following formula:
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein X − has a structure according to the chemical formula:
wherein m and n are independently 0 or an integer of 1 or above, and p is 0 or 1, provided that when p is 0, the group N—SO 2 —(CF 2 ) n CF 3 subtended by p is replaced with an oxide atom connected to the sulfur atom, and when p is 1, the shown perfluoroalkyl groups can optionally crosslink to form a cyclic anion.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said protic ionic liquid is dissolved in a solvent, and said protic ionic liquid dissolved in the solvent is mixed with said rare earth-containing substance to result in at least partial dissolution of said rare earth composition comprising the formula (RE)(amide) y X 3 into said solvent.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein said solvent is a non-aqueous solvent.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein said non-aqueous solvent is a secondary ionic liquid different from and non-reactive with the ionic liquid of Formula (1).
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein said secondary ionic liquid is a non-protic ionic liquid in which the ionic liquid of Formula (1) is soluble.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rare earth-containing substance comprises a carbonate or oxide of the rare earth element.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rare earth-containing substance comprises at least one rare earth element selected from the group consisting of atomic numbers of 39 and 57-71.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the rare earth-containing substance comprises bastnaesite.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rare earth-containing substance comprises at least one of a first rare earth element selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium and at least one of a second rare earth element selected from the group consisting of europium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, and yttrium, and the protic ionic liquid dissolves at least one of the second rare earth element to a greater degree than at least one of the first rare earth element, thereby enriching the protic ionic liquid to a greater degree with at least one of the second rare earth element than at least one of the first rare earth element.
11. The method of claim 3 , wherein the rare earth-containing substance comprises at least one of a first rare earth element selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium and at least one of a second rare earth element selected from the group consisting of europium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, and yttrium, and the ionic liquid facilitates dissolution of at least one of the second rare earth element to a greater degree than at least one of the first rare earth element into the solvent, thereby enriching the solvent to a greater degree with at least one of the second rare earth element than at least one of the first rare earth element.
12. The method of claim 3 , wherein said mixing is conducted while the solvent in which the protic ionic liquid is dissolved is at a temperature of at least 50° C.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising subjecting the solution containing the rare earth composition of the formula (RE)(amide) y X z at least partially dissolved in said protic ionic liquid to an electroplating process in which the rare earth element is electrodeposited from the solution.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the protic ionic liquid is regenerated by reacting the amide conjugate base of Formula (2) with a mineral acid.