Method for improving learning

1. A method for improving learning and/or memory in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to said subject an inhibitor of expression or function of (i) ecto-5′-nucleotidase (Nt5e) or (ii) A1 adenosine receptor (A1R), wherein said inhibitor is administered in an amount which is effective for inhibiting expression or function of Nt5e or A1R in the brain of the subject, wherein the learning and memory are selected from auditory, visual, and somatosensory.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said learning and/or memory is learning and/or memory of an acoustic information.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the subject is simultaneously exposed to (i) the inhibitor and (ii) to a sound.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the sound is in the range 20 Hz-20 kHz.

5. The method of claim 3 , comprising first administering the inhibitor to the subject and then exposing the subject to the sound at around the time when the inhibitor reaches the effective concentration in the brain.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is an adult or a child of an age beyond the early critical period for said learning.

7. A method for treating a learning disorder or a neurological disease associated with an abnormal auditory, visual, or somatosensory perception in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to said subject an inhibitor of expression or function of (i) ecto-5′-nucleotidase (Nt5e) or (ii) A1 adenosine receptor (A1R), wherein said inhibitor is administered in an amount which is effective for inhibiting expression or function of Nt5e or A1R in the brain of the subject.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the learning disorder or the neurological disease is associated with an abnormal auditory perception in the subject.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the neurological disease is selected from tinnitus, Williams-Beuren syndrome, and schizophrenia.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inhibitor is selected from interfering RNA molecules, dsRNA, RNA polymerase III transcribed DNAs, ribozymes, and antisense nucleic acids.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inhibitor is a compound having a structure according to Formula I:

wherein R 1 is selected from hydrogen, —F; —CI; —Br; —I; —OH, —OR*; —NH 2 ; —NHR*; —N(R*) 2 ; —N(R*) 3 + ; —SH; —SR*; —CN; —NC; —(C═O)—R*; —CHO; —CO 2 H; —CO 2 ; —CO 2 R*; —(C═O)—S—R*; —O—(C═O)—H; —O—(C═O)—R*; —S—(C═O)— R*; —(C═O)—NH 2 ; —(C═O)—N(R*) 2 ; —SCN; —NCS; —NSO; —SO 2 —R*; —O—S(═O) 2 —R*; —S(═O) 2 —OR*; —N 2 —R*; —N(C 2 H 4 ); —Si(R*) 3 ; —CF 3 ; —O—CF 3 ; —PR* 2 ; —O—P(═O)(OR*) 2 ; —P(═O)(OR*) 2 ; perfluoroalkyl; an aliphatic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon radical; a C 1 -C 12 aromatic hydrocarbon radical; and a C 1 -C 12 heteroaryl radical;

where R* is independently at each occurrence hydrogen or a straight chained, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon radical, which is saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogen;

R n is independently at each occurrence hydrogen or a straight chained, branched, or cyclic saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon radical, optionally substituted with 1-12 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogen;

Rn 1 is Rn or, if Rn 2 is present, Rn 1 is absent; and

Rn 2 is Rn or, if Rn 1 is present, Rn 2 is absent;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the inhibitor is a compound having a structure according to Formula Ia:

wherein R 1a is selected from hydrogen, an aliphatic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon radical; a C 1 -C 12 aromatic hydrocarbon radical; a C 1 -C 12 heteroaryl radical, and a combination thereof; and

R 1b is independently at each occurrence selected from hydrogen; a straight chained, branched, or cyclic saturated, partially saturated, and an aromatic C 1 -C 16 hydrocarbon radical;

where R* is independently at each occurrence hydrogen or a straight chained, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon radical, which is saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogen,

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the inhibitor is a compound having a structure according to Formula Ib:

wherein R 1a is selected from hydrogen, an aliphatic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon radical; a C 1 -C 12 aromatic hydrocarbon radical; a C 1 -C 12 heteroaryl radical, and a combination thereof; and

R 1b is independently at each occurrence selected from hydrogen; and a straight chained, branched, or cyclic saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic C 1 -C 16 hydrocarbon radical;

where R* is independently at each occurrence hydrogen or a straight chained, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon radical, which is saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogen,

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the inhibitor is a compound having a structure selected from Formulas Ic-Ir:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inhibitor is a compound having a structure according to Formula II:

wherein X is CH or N;

R 2 is independently at each occurrence selected from hydrogen, —F; —CI; —Br; —I; —OH, —OR*; —NH 2 ; —NHR*; —N(R*) 2 ; —N(R*) 3 + ; —SH; —SR*; —CN; —NC; —(C═O)—R*; —CHO; —CO 2 H; —CO 2 ; —CO 2 R*; —(C═O)—S—R*; —O—(C═O)—H; —O—(C═O)—R*; —S—(C═O)— R*; —(C═O)—NH 2 ; —(C═O)—N(R*) 2 ; —SCN; —NCS; —NSO; —SO 2 —R*; —O—S(═O) 2 —R*; —S(═O) 2 —OR*; —N 2 —R*; —N(C 2 H 4 ); —Si(R*) 3 ; —CF 3 ; —O—CF 3 ; —PR* 2 ; —O—P(═O)(OR*) 2 ; —P(═O)(OR*) 2 ; perfluoroalkyl; an aliphatic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon radical; a C 1 -C 12 aromatic hydrocarbon radical; and a C 1 -C 12 heteroaryl radical; where R* is independently at each occurrence hydrogen or a straight chained, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon radical, which is saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogen;

Rn is independently at each occurrence selected from hydrogen or a straight chained, branched, or cyclic saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon radical, and a C 1 -C 20 carbohydrate, optionally substituted with 1-12 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogen; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the inhibitor is a compound having a structure of Formula IIa or Formula IIb:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the inhibitor is a compound having a structure according to any one of Formulas IIc-IIe:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inhibitor is a compound having a structure according to Formula III:

wherein R 3a and R 3b are independently selected from hydrogen, —F; —CI; —Br; —I; —OH, —OR*; —NH 2 ; —NHR*; —N(R*) 2 ; —N(R*) 3 − ; —SH; —SR*; —CN; —NC; —(C═O)—R*; —CHO; —CO 2 H; —CO 2 ; —CO 2 R*; —(C═O)—S—R*; —O—(C═O)—H; —O—(C═O)—R*; —S—(C═O)— R*; —(C═O)—NH 2 ; —(C═O)—N(R*) 2 ; —SCN; NCS; —NSO; —SO 2 —R*; —O—S(═O) 2 —R*; —S(═O) 2 —OR*; —N 2 —R*; —N(C 2 H 4 ); —Si(R*) 3 ; —CF 3 ; —O—CF 3 ; —PR* 2 ; —O—P(═O)(OR*) 2 ; —P(═O)(OR*) 2 ; perfluoroalkyl; an aliphatic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon radical; a C 1 -C 12 aromatic hydrocarbon radical; a C 1 -C 12 heteroaryl radical; and combinations thereof; where R* is independently at each occurrence hydrogen or a straight chained, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon radical, which is saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogen;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the inhibitor is a compound having a structure according to Formula IIIa:

wherein R 3a is hydrogen, acyl, or a C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon radical, which is saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogen.

20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the inhibitor is a compound having a structure selected from Formulas IIIb-IIIh:

wherein R* is independently at each occurrence hydrogen or a straight chained, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon radical, which is saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogen;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inhibitor is a compound having a structure according to Formula IVb:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inhibitor is a compound selected from Azelastine, Tetrahydrobiopterin, Silodosin, Pefloxacin, Folic acid, Pomalidomide, Mefloquine, Letrozole, Pemetrexed, Droperidol, and Ticagrelor, and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives and salts thereof.

23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises assessing auditory, visual, or somatosensory learning and/or memory after the inhibitor administration.

24. The method of claim 7 , wherein the method further comprises assessing auditory, visual, or somatosensory learning and/or memory after the inhibitor administration.