Nanostructured fibrous membranes for membrane distillation
Membranes suitable for use in membrane distillation are provided. Such membranes may include nano-fibrous layers with adjustable pore sizes. The membranes may include a hydrophobic nano fibrous scaffold and a thin hydrophilic protecting layer that can significantly reduce fouling and scaling problems.
1. A method for producing a membrane comprising:
applying to a substrate a hydrophobic nanofibrous scaffold including a hydrophobic polymer selected from the group consisting of polystyrenes, polyolefins, polysulfones, fluoropolymers, polyesters, polycarbonates, polynitriles, polyacrylates, polyacetates, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylic acids, polymethacrylic acids, polysiloxanes, cross-linked forms thereof, derivatives thereof and copolymers thereof, the hydrophobic nanofibrous scaffold including fibers having a diameter from about 1 nm to about 2,000 nm;
casting a hydrophilic polymer solution selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polysaccharides, polyalkylene oxides, ethylene glycols, gelatin, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof, onto the nanofibrous scaffold;
cross-linking the polymer solution to form a hydrophilic protecting layer having a thickness from about 10 nm to about 30 μm on the nanofibrous scaffold; and
recovering a membrane suitable for membrane distillation.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic nanofibrous scaffold comprises a hydrophobic polymer selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethersulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene terephthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, polydimethylsiloxane, cross-linked forms thereof, derivatives thereof and copolymers thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic polymer is applied to the substrate as a solution including a solvent selected from the group consisting of pentane, cyclopentane, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, 1,4-dioxane, chloroform, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, acetone, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, nitromethane, propylene carbonate, and combinations thereof.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the solution including the hydrophobic polymer possesses the hydrophobic polymer in an amount from about 3% by weight of the solution to about 20% by weight of the solution.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic nanofibrous scaffold is applied to the substrate by a method selected from the group consisting of electrospinning, electro-blowing, solution-blowing, solvent-less multi-layered melt extrusion, melt-blowing, and combinations thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophilic polymer solution includes a solvent selected from the group consisting of formic acid, butanol, isopropanol, propanol, ethanol, methanol, acetic acid, water, and combinations thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophilic polymer solution possesses the hydrophilic polymer in an amount from about 1% by weight of the solution to about 30% by weight of the solution.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophilic protecting layer comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan, hyaluronan, polyethylene oxide, di(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein cross-linking the polymer solution occurs by a method selected from the group consisting of chemical cross-linking, thermal cross-linking, radiation cross-linking, and photo cross-linking.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein cross-linking occurs by chemical cross-linking using a cross-linking agent selected from the group consisting of glutaraldehyde, 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, glyoxal, formaldehyde, glyoxylic acid, oxydisuccinic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, and combinations thereof.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein cross-linking occurs by photo cross-linking, using a photo-initiator including aromatic ketones, alkyl benzoin, ethers, acetophenone derivatives, 2-hydroxyl-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone, pentaerythritol triacrylate, and combinations thereof, and ultraviolet light at a wavelength from about 1 nm to about 400 nm.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic nanofibrous scaffold has a thickness of from about 1 μm to about 500 μm.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic nanofibrous scaffold possesses pores having a diameter from about 10 nm to about 10 μm.
14. A method for producing a membrane comprising:
applying to a substrate a hydrophobic nanofibrous scaffold including a hydrophobic polymer selected from the group consisting of polystyrenes, polyolefins, polysulfones, fluoropolymers, polyesters, polycarbonates, polynitriles, polyacrylates, polyacetates, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylic acids, polymethacrylic acids, polysiloxanes, cross-linked forms thereof, derivatives thereof and copolymers thereof, the hydrophobic nanofibrous scaffold including fibers having a diameter from about 1 nm to about 2,000 nm;
casting a hydrophilic polymer solution selected from polyalkylene oxides, ethylene glycols, gelatin, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof, onto the nanofibrous scaffold;
cross-linking the polymer solution to form a hydrophilic protecting layer having a thickness from about 10 nm to about 30 μm on the nanofibrous scaffold; and
recovering a membrane suitable for membrane distillation.