High energy, long cycle life electrode for lithium-ion batteries
Anodes for electrochemical cells and batteries are described herein. In particular, and anode comprises silicon oxide particles on a transition metal current collector (e.g., copper, nickel, copper alloy, and the like), wherein the particles comprise nanocrystalline domains of silicon dispersed within a silicon oxide matrix. The particles do not include a metal oxide coating, and are produced by heating a silicon monoxide powder at a temperature in the range of about 400 to about 1100° C. under an inert atmosphere for about 2 to about 20 hours. In some embodiments, the particles are free from a metal oxide coating and have an average diameter of about 20 to 10000 nm; the nanocrystalline domains of silicon comprise about 10 to about 90 mole percent of the particles; and the nanocrystalline domains have dimensions of about 0.2 to about 50 nm in average diameter.
1. A negative electrode for a lithium-ion battery, the negative electrode comprising particles coated on a transition metal current collector; the particles consisting of nanocrystalline domains of silicon dispersed within a silicon oxide matrix; wherein the particles have an average diameter in the range of about 20 nm to about 10 μm as determined by laser light scattering particle size analysis; the nanocrystalline domains of silicon comprise about 10 to about 90 mol % of the particles; the nanocrystalline domains have an average diameter of about 0.2 nm to about 50 nm, as determined by transmission electron microscopy; the silicon oxide matrix comprises silicon dioxide and silicon monoxide; and the nanocrystalline domains of silicon and the silicon dioxide are formed by heating particles of silicon monoxide at a temperature in the range of 600 to 800° C.
2. The negative electrode of claim 1 , wherein the nanocrystalline domains of silicon have an average diameter in the range of about 0.5 to about 20 nm as determined by transmission electron microscopy.
3. The negative electrode of claim 1 , wherein the particles have an average diameter in the range of 100 nm to about 5 μm as determined by laser light scattering particle size analysis.
4. The negative electrode of claim 1 , wherein the current collector comprises a transition metal foil.
5. The negative electrode of claim 1 , wherein the nanocrystalline domains of silicon comprise about 30 to about 70 mol % of the particles.
6. A non-aqueous lithium-ion electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode of claim 1 , a porous separator membrane between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and a non-aqueous solution of a lithium salt contacting the electrodes and membrane.
7. A non-aqueous lithium-ion battery comprising a plurality of electrochemical cells of claim 6 electrically connected in series, in parallel or in both series and parallel.