Structure for electric energy storage using carbon nanotubes

1. An ultracapacitor comprising:

a composite structure comprising:

a substrate comprising:

a first metal and a second metal, the first metal and the second metal being different elements, the substrate comprising:

a metal oxide layer between 1 nm and 300 nm wherein at least 80% of the first metal and 80% of the second metal exist in an oxidized form;

a metal layer, wherein the first metal and the second metal make up at least 50% of the metal in the metal layer; and

wherein the thickness of the substrate is less than 500 μm, the ratio of the thickness of the metal layer to the metal oxide layer is greater than 100, and the ratio of the first metal to the second metal is between 1:1 and 10:1;

a plurality of carbon nanotubes disposed on the substrate, wherein the metal oxide layer is disposed between the metal layer and the plurality of carbon nanotubes, wherein the plurality of carbon nanotubes comprise a high percentage of mesopores between about 2 nm to about 50 nm in diameter;

wherein at least one carbon nanotube is electrically coupled to metal layer through the metal oxide layer;

wherein the first metal is selected from a first group consisting of: iron, nickel, aluminum, cobalt, copper, chromium, and gold; and

wherein the second metal is selected from the first group.

2. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 comprising:

a metal substrate having a thickness less than 500 μm, the metal substrate further comprising:

the metal oxide layer disposed over at least a majority of a first surface of the metal substrate, the average thickness of the metal oxide layer being less than 150 nm; and

the metal oxide layer being comprised of at least the first metal and the second metal, wherein the first metal and the second metal are different elements; and

the plurality of carbon nanotubes disposed on a first surface of the metal oxide layer.

3. The ultracapacitor of claim 2 , wherein the first surface of the metal substrate has root mean square roughness of 100 nm or less.

4. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein at least a first carbon nanotube is electrically coupled to the substrate.

5. The ultracapacitor of claim 4 , wherein an electrical junction between the first carbon nanotube and the substrate is ohmic.

6. The ultracapacitor of claim 4 , wherein an electric junction between the first carbon nanotube and the substrate is non-ohmic.

7. The ultracapacitor of claim 4 , wherein the metal oxide layer has a resistivity of less than 1×10 14 Ω-m.

8. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide layer comprises:

a first metal oxide comprising the first metal;

a second metal oxide comprising the second metal; and

wherein the first metal is selected from a first group of metals, the first group of metals consisting of: iron, nickel, aluminum, cobalt, copper, chromium, and gold.

9. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the first metal to the second metal in the oxide layer is at least 6:5.

10. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the first metal is selected from a first group, the second metal is selected from the first group and the first group consists of: iron, nickel, aluminum, cobalt, copper, chromium, and gold.

11. The ultracapacitor of claim 2 , wherein the carbon nanotubes are disposed on the metal oxide wherein at least 50% of the carbon nanotubes are orthogonal to the first surface of the metal oxide.

12. The ultracapacitor of claim 2 , wherein the carbon nanotubes are disposed on the metal oxide wherein at least 50% of the carbon nanotubes are non-orthogonal to the first surface of the metal oxide.

13. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of carbon in the carbon nanotubes to the total amount of carbon in the total structure from process steps in the formation of the structure is at least 9:10.