Dual conductor surface modified SOFC cathode particles and methods of making same
A novel method to produce ALD films disposed on powders is disclosed. Examples include the formation of a cobalt doped zirconia (CDZ), hafnia, and cobalt doped hafnia (CDH) films on lanthanum strontium cobalt iron oxide (LSCF) powder for solid oxide fuel cell cathodes. The coated powders are sintered into porous cathodes that have utility for preventing the migration of cations in the powder to the surface of the sintered cathode and/or other performance enhancing attributes.
1. An electrochemical cell cathode, the cathode comprising; sintered oxide powder particles, the oxide powder particles having a surface modifying layer applied to substantially all of the surfaces of the oxide powder particles prior to sintering the oxide powder particles, the surface modifying layer comprised of individually applied sublayers, each sublayer separately oxidized, the surface modifying layer reducing the total electrochemical polarization of the cathode formed by sintering the oxide powder particles, the surface modifying layer comprising hafnium oxide.
2. The surface modifying layer of claim 1 where the surface modifying layer consists of hafnium oxide.
3. The surface modifying layer of claim 1 where each sublayer comprises at least one of a Group IVB oxide.
4. The surface modifying layer of claim 1 where each sublayer comprises at least one of a transition metal oxide.
5. The surface modifying layer of claim 1 where the surface modifying layer comprises an oxide with dual conductivity modes of ionic and electronic conductivity.
6. The surface modifying layer of claim 1 where the surface modifying layer comprises zirconium oxide.
7. The surface modifying layer of claim 1 where the surface modifying layer comprises at least one of cobalt oxide, iron oxide and nickel oxide.
8. The surface modifying layer of claim 1 wherein the oxide powder particles comprise a lanthanum strontium based material.
9. The surface modifying layer of claim 1 wherein the oxide powder particles comprise lanthanum strontium cobalt iron oxide.
10. The surface modifying layer of claim 1 wherein the total polarization of a cathode in an electrochemical cell is reduced by at least 10% relative to the polarization of a cathode composed of the same sintered oxide powder particles without the surface modifying layer.
11. The surface modifying layer of claim 1 wherein the total polarization of a cathode in an electrochemical cell is reduced by at least 25% relative to the polarization of a cathode composed of the same sintered oxide powder particles without the surface modifying layer.
12. The surface modifying layer of claim 1 wherein the total polarization of a cathode in an electrochemical cell is reduced by at least 50% relative to the polarization of a cathode composed of the same sintered oxide powder particles without the surface modifying layer.
13. The surface modifying layer of claim 1 wherein the pore volume of a cathode in an electrochemical cell is not changed by more than 30% relative to the pore volume of a cathode composed of the same sintered oxide powder particles without the surface modifying layer.
14. The surface modifying layer of claim 1 wherein the pore volume of a cathode in an electrochemical cell is not changed by more than 20% relative to the pore volume of a cathode composed of the same sintered oxide powder particles without the surface modifying layer.
15. The surface modifying layer of claim 1 wherein the pore volume of a cathode in an electrochemical cell is not changed by more than 10% relative to the pore volume of a cathode composed of the same sintered oxide powder particles without the surface modifying layer.
16. A solid oxide fuel cell, comprising; a cathode formed by the process of claim 1 .
17. A method to produce an electrochemical cell cathode, the method comprising; placing oxide powder particles in an atomic layer deposition reactor, heating, the oxide powder particles, depositing a surface modifying layer comprising hafnium oxide on substantially all of the surfaces of the oxide powder particles by carrying out at least two cycles of depositing a sublayer comprising hafnium and separately oxidizing the sublayer, thereby forming coated particles, removing the coated particles from the atomic layer deposition reactor, and sintering the coated particles to form the electrochemical cell cathode, the surface modifying layer thereby reducing the total electrochemical polarization of the cathode.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the oxide powder particles comprise lanthanum and strontium.
19. The method of claim 17 further comprising placing the electrochemical cell cathode into a symmetric electrochemical cell, heating the electrochemical cell to a temperature of 700° C, and measuring the polarization of the electrochemical cell cathode using impedance spectroscopy, obtaining a polarization of 0.190 Ω-cm 2 or less.
20. The method of claim 17 wherein during the step of hearing the oxide powder particles the oxide powder particles are heated to a temperature between 150-250° C.