Biodegradable pellets foamed by irradiation
This invention relates to biodegradable starch-based pellets which foamable by irradiation, which are particularly suitable for the manufacture of foam articles, characterised in that they have a porous structure with a low porous external skin. This invention also relates to foam articles obtained from these.
1. A process for the preparation of foamed articles, said process comprising irradiating biodegradable low density, self-sealing pellets, said pellets comprising starch essentially free of native crystallinity which does not have endothermic gelatinisation peaks associated with a ΔH of more than 0.4 J/g of dry starch when analysed by differential scanning calorimetry in a hermetic capsule with a water/dry starch ratio of 4, said pellets being characterized by:
a porous internal structure having void area greater than 15% with respect to the area of the cross-section of the pellet;
a mean equivalent diameter of pores less than 100 microns and
an external skin with pores in number less than 80% with respect to the internal structure having a mean equivalent diameter lower or equal to the mean equivalent diameter of the pores of the internal structure,
wherein said pellets contain from 50 to 98% by weight of said starch.
2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said pellets comprise at least a further polymer of synthetic or natural origin.
3. The process according to claim 2 , wherein said pellets comprise:
10-99.5% by weight of starch essentially devoid of native crystallinity,
0.5-90% by weight of at least a further polymer of synthetic or natural origin,
0.1-60% by weight of water,
with respect to the total weight of the dry pellet.
4. The process according to claim 2 , wherein said further polymer of natural origin is selected from the group consisting of cellulose, lignin, proteins, phospholipids, casein, polysaccharides, natural gums, rosinic acid, dextrins, their mixtures and derivatives thereof.
5. The process according to claim 2 , wherein said further polymer of synthetic origin is selected from the group consisting of:
thermoplastic polymers comprising homopolymers and copolymers of linear or branched aliphatic hydroxyacid having C2-C24 main chain, their lactons and lactides as well as their copolymers with aliphatic polyesters of the diacid/diol type;
vinyl polymers comprising polyvinyl alcohol with various degrees of hydrolysis, possibly modified with acrylates or methacrylates, polyvinyl alcohol-co-vinylacetate block and random copolymers with degree of hydrolysis >70%, preferably higher than 80 and even preferably higher than 85 mol %, polyvinyl alcohol plasticized or modified for the purpose of lowering its melting point, polyvinylacetate, copolymers of vinylacetate at various degrees of hydrolysis with vinylpyrrolidone and/or styrene, polyethyloxazoline or polyvinylpiridine;
polycarbonates;
ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, preferably with up to 50% by weight of ethylenic units, copolymers of ethylene with vinyl acetate or unsaturated acids, polyamides 6, 6-6, 6-9, 6-10, 9, 9-9, 10, 10-10, 11, 11-11, 12, 12-12 and their mixtures, aliphatic polyurethanes, random and block copolymers polyurethane-polyamide, polyurethane-polyether, polyurethane-polyesters, polyamide-polyether, polyamide-polyester, polyester-polyether and epoxy resins;
random and block aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic polyesters and copolyesters of the diacid/diol type;
synthetic rubbers;
non-biodegradable polymers such as polyolefins, aromatic polyesters, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers; and
polyoxyalkylenes with molecular weight >50000.
6. The process according to claim 5 , wherein said further polymer of synthetic origin is a polyvinyl alcohol-co-vinylacetate copolymer with degree of hydrolysis >70 mol %.
7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said pores are characterized by a mean equivalent diameter of less than 50 μm.
8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said pellets, when conditioned to a water content of 22±2% by weight with respect to the total weight of the dry composition, have a density <1.1 g/cm 3 and higher than 0.5 g/cm 3 .
9. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said starch shows an intrinsic viscosity higher than 1.5 dl/g and lower than 3 dl/g.
10. The process according to claim 1 , comprising prior to said irradiating the steps of:
(a) feeding a composition comprising starch and water to an extruder,
(b) extruding said composition to form a melt and at an extrusion rate, residence time and shear rate at the outlet suitable to destroy the native crystallinity of the starch and to produce a swelling followed by collapsing of the extrudate on leaving the nozzle,
(c) cutting the collapsed extrudate into the form of pellets soon after the exit from the die in such a way that the extrudate is cut when it is not yet completely solidified to seal possible open pores and reconstitute a skin at the cut surface,
(d) conditioning said pellets in order to adjust the moisture content at level between 10 and 45%, with respect to the total dry weight of a pellet by exposure to air at room temperature or higher to thereby produce said biodegradable low density, self-sealing pellets.
11. The process according to claim 3 , wherein said further polymer of natural origin is selected from the group consisting of cellulose, lignin, proteins, phospholipids, casein, polysaccharides, natural gums, rosinic acid, dextrins, their mixtures and derivatives thereof.
12. The process according to claim 3 , wherein said further polymer of synthetic origin is selected from the group consisting of:
thermoplastic polymers comprising homopolymers and copolymers of linear or branched aliphatic hydroxyacid having C2-C24 main chain, their lactons and lactides as well as their copolymers with aliphatic polyesters of the diacid/diol type;
vinyl polymers comprising polyvinyl alcohol with various degrees of hydrolysis, possibly modified with acrylates or methacrylates, polyvinyl alcohol-co-vinylacetate block and random copolymers with degree of hydrolysis >70%, preferably higher than 80 and even preferably higher than 85 mol %, polyvinyl alcohol plasticized or modified for the purpose of lowering its melting point, polyvinylacetate, copolymers of vinylacetate at various degrees of hydrolysis with vinylpyrrolidone and/or styrene, polyethyloxazoline or polyvinylpiridine;
polycarbonates;
ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, preferably with up to 50% by weight of ethylenic units, copolymers of ethylene with vinyl acetate or unsaturated acids, polyamides 6, 6-6, 6-9, 6-10, 9, 9-9, 10, 10-10, 11, 11-11, 12, 12-12 and their mixtures, aliphatic polyurethanes, random and block copolymers polyurethane-polyamide, polyurethane-polyether, polyurethane-polyesters, polyamide-polyether, polyamide-polyester, polyester-polyether and epoxy resins;
random and block aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic polyesters and copolyesters of the diacid/diol type;
synthetic rubbers;
non-biodegradable polymers such as polyolefins, aromatic polyesters, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers; and
polyoxyalkylenes with molecular weight >50000.
13. The process according to claim 4 , wherein said further polymer of synthetic origin is selected from the group consisting of:
thermoplastic polymers comprising homopolymers and copolymers of linear or branched aliphatic hydroxyacid having C2-C24 main chain, their lactons and lactides as well as their copolymers with aliphatic polyesters of the diacid/diol type;
vinyl polymers comprising polyvinyl alcohol with various degrees of hydrolysis, possibly modified with acrylates or methacrylates, polyvinyl alcohol-co-vinylacetate block and random copolymers with degree of hydrolysis >70%, preferably higher than 80 and even preferably higher than 85 mol %, polyvinyl alcohol plasticized or modified for the purpose of lowering its melting point, polyvinylacetate, copolymers of vinylacetate at various degrees of hydrolysis with vinylpyrrolidone and/or styrene, polyethyloxazoline or polyvinylpiridine;
polycarbonates;
ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, preferably with up to 50% by weight of ethylenic units, copolymers of ethylene with vinyl acetate or unsaturated acids, polyamides 6, 6-6, 6-9, 6-10, 9, 9-9, 10, 10-10, 11, 11-11, 12, 12-12 and their mixtures, aliphatic polyurethanes, random and block copolymers polyurethane-polyamide, polyurethane-polyether, polyurethane-polyesters, polyamide-polyether, polyamide-polyester, polyester-polyether and epoxy resins;
random and block aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic polyesters and copolyesters of the diacid/diol type;
synthetic rubbers;
non-biodegradable polymers such as polyolefins, aromatic polyesters, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers; and
polyoxyalkylenes with molecular weight >50000.
14. The process according to claim 2 , wherein said pores are characterized by a mean equivalent diameter of less than 50 μm.
15. The process according to claim 3 , wherein said pores are characterized by a mean equivalent diameter of less than 50 μm.
16. The process according to claim 4 wherein said pores are characterized by a mean equivalent diameter of less than 50 μm.
17. The process according to claim 5 , wherein said pores are characterized by a mean equivalent diameter of less than 50 μm.
18. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said pellets further comprise a polyvinyl alcohol-co-vinylacetate copolymer with degree of hydrolysis >70 mol %; wherein said pores are characterized by a mean equivalent diameter of less than 50 μm; wherein said starch shows an intrinsic viscosity higher than 1.5 dl/g and lower than 3 dl/g; and wherein said pellets when conditioned to a water content of 22±2% by weight with respect to the total weight of the dry composition, have a density <1.1 g/cm 3 and higher than 0.5 g/cm 3 .
19. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said pellets have dimensions of between 0.1 and 10 cm measured along the largest dimension of the pellets.
20. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said irradiating is carried using electromagnetic waves comprising microwaves, radio waves or infrared radiation.