Electrochemical cell and a method of using the same for detecting bisphenol-A
An electrochemical cell that includes a working electrode, which comprises of is made of gold, with gold-coated carbon nanotubes secured thereon via a conductive binder, wherein the electrochemical cell is utilized to detect the presence of bisphenol-A, or to determine a concentration of bisphenol-A in a solution. Various embodiments of the electrochemical cell, a method of producing the electrochemical cell, and a method of using the electrochemical cell for determining a concentration of bisphenol-A in a solution are also provided.
1. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
a working electrode comprising a gold-titanium alloy with a gold content of 70-90 wt %, based on a total weight of the working electrode;
a gold-coated carbon nanotubes comprising:
carboxylic acid functionalized carbon nanotubes, and
gold nanoparticles bound to the carboxylic acid functionalized carbon nanotubes,
wherein a diameter of each of the gold-coated carbon nanotubes is within a range of 5-20 nm and
wherein the gold-coated carbon nanotubes are in the form of a buckypaper with a thickness in the range of 100 to 500 μm;
a conductive binder in the form of a layer with a thickness of 1-3 mm, which is sandwiched between the gold-coated carbon nanotubes and the working electrode, that binds the gold-coated carbon nanotubes to the working electrode; and
a counter electrode disposed adjacent to the working electrode having a gap therebetween.
2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the working electrode does not comprise a material selected from the group consisting of a glassy carbon, a glass, a quartz, a glass wafer, a silicon wafer, a melted silica, and a transparent polymer.
3. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the counter electrode comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, silver, copper, and zinc.
4. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the conductive binder comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a conductive epoxy, a polyacetylene, a polythiophene, a polythiophene-poly(styrenesulfonate) copolymer, and a polyaniline.
5. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotubes are multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
6. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the gold-coated carbon nanotubes have a specific surface area in the range of 50-500 m 2 /g.
7. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein an amount of the gold nanoparticles in the gold-coated carbon nanotubes is within the range of 0.5-2.5 vol %.
8. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the buckypaper has pores in the size range of 0.5-5 nm.
9. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 which is disposed on a microchip.
10. The electrochemical cell of claim 9 , wherein the working electrode is circular having a diameter in the range of 1-10 mm, and wherein the counter electrode is disposed circumferentially around the working electrode having a gap therebetween.
11. A method of determining a BPA concentration in a BPA-containing solution with the electrochemical cell of claim 1 , comprising:
contacting the BPA-containing solution with the working electrode and the counter electrode of the electrochemical cell;
applying a voltage to the working electrode and the counter electrode to oxidize at least a portion of BPA in the BPA-containing solution to produce an electric current within the electrochemical cell; and
determining the BPA concentration in the BPA-containing solution based on the electric current.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the BPA concentration in the BPA-containing solution is within the range of 1.0 nM to 1.0 M.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the BPA concentration in the BPA-containing solution is determined in a time range of 5-20 seconds after the contacting.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the BPA-containing solution comprises BPA and one or more of C 1 -C 5 alcohols, C 1 -C 5 alkoxy phenols, amino phenols, aryl halides, and halide ions, and the method has a BPA selectivity of at least 90%.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the voltage is up to 2.0 V.
16. A method of producing the electrochemical cell of claim 1 , comprising:
binding the gold-coated carbon nanotubes onto the working electrode with the conductive binder; and
disposing the counter electrode adjacent to the working electrode having a gap therebetween.
17. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the gap between the counter electrode and the working electrode is less than 0.5 mm, and wherein the working electrode has an electrical conductivity of 3.0×10 5 -7.0×10 5 s/cm.
18. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the gold-coated carbon nanotubes have an oxygen content of 5.46 at. %, based on a total number of C, Au, and O atoms.