Mechano-chemical de-mixing of metal alloys and mixed materials
A physical and chemical method is provided for de-mixing (e.g. extracting, separating, purifying and/or enriching) the metal constituents of an alloy or mixed material into different droplet or solid particle products that are highly enriched in the respective phases of the metal. The method involves for instance but is not limited to, shearing, separating and segregating metallic droplets and particles in a carrier fluid to form other droplets or particles that are each separately highly enriched in one of some, if not of all, of the constituent phases of the alloy or mixed material.
1. A method for de-mixing constituents of a mixed material, the method comprising:
applying mechanical stress to particulates of the mixed material, wherein the mixed material comprises a first metal and a second material, wherein the mechanical stress is applied under conditions to achieve de-mixing of at least one of the constituents of the mixed material to form a first particle product that is enriched in the first metal relative to the mixed material and a second particle product different than the first particle product and that is enriched in the second material relative to the mixed material.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the mechanical stress is applied under flow of a reactive or non-reactive fluid.
3. The method of claim 2 comprising providing a reactive fluid that selectively etches or dissolves at least one of the constituents of the mixed material.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the conditions comprise providing concomitant interfacial stress which can be due to differences in surface energy and/or surface tension of the constituents of the mixed material in the fluid.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the de-mixing is governed by responses to the applied mechanical stress.
6. The method of claim 1 comprising altering a working temperature of the application of the mechanical stress to the particulates of the mixed material to tune the rate of de-mixing.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixed material comprises an alloy comprising liquid alloy and/or solid alloy particles.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixed material comprises a metallic alloy comprising a binary alloy or ternary alloy.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixed material comprises a multi-constituent intermetallic material.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixed material comprises a mixture of an alloy, an intermetallic material, and their passivating or non-passivating surface products.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixed material comprises a first metal and a second metal.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the first metal, the second material, or a combination thereof, is a solid.
13. A physical-chemical method to de-mix constituents of a mixed material, the method comprising:
applying at least one of mechanical stress, thermal stress, and chemical stress to particulates of the mixed material, wherein the mixed material comprises a first metal and a second material, wherein the mechanical stress, thermal stress, or chemical stress is applied under conditions to de-mix at least one of the constituents of the mixed material to form a first particle product that is enriched in the first metal relative to the mixed material and a second particle product different than the first particle product and that is enriched in the second material relative to the mixed material.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the mixed material is a metal alloy.
15. The method of claim 13 wherein the metal alloy is in the form of liquid particles or solid particles.
16. The method of claim 13 wherein the particulates of the mixed material comprise a first metal layer and an adjacent second metal layer.
17. The method of claim 13 wherein the mixed material comprises at least one metal constituent and at least one polymeric constituent.
18. The method of claim 13 wherein the mixed material comprises at least one polymeric constituent.
19. The method of claim 13 wherein the mixed material comprises at least one inorganic constituent.
20. The method of claim 13 wherein mechanical stress is applied under flow of a fluid.
21. The method of claim 13 wherein the chemical stress is applied by a reactive fluid that selectively etches or dissolves at least one of the constituents of the mixed material.
22. The method of claim 13 wherein the chemical stress is applied through swelling of one or more of the constituents.