Techniques for optimizing orientation of models for three-dimensional printing
In one embodiment of the present invention, a print orientation tool efficiently determines an orientation of a three-dimensional (3D) model such that, when 3D printed, the structural integrity of the resulting 3D object is optimized. In operation, the print orientation tool configures a stress analysis engine to slice the 3D model into two-dimensional (2D) cross-sections. The stress analysis engine then compute structural stresses associated with the 2D cross-sections. The print orientation tool translates the structural stresses to weakness metrics. Subsequently, the print orientation tool evaluates the orientations of the cross-sections in conjunction with the corresponding weakness metrics to select a printing orientation that minimizes weaknesses in the 3D model. Advantageously, by aligning the 3D model to the print bed based on the optimized printing orientation, the user mitigates weaknesses in the corresponding 3D object attributable to the 3D printing manufacturing process.
1. A computer-implemented method for optimizing an orientation of a three-dimensional (3D) model for physical printing, the method comprising:
computing, based on at least one bending moment applied to a first virtual cross-section of the 3D model, a first structural stress associated with the first virtual cross-section;
determining, based on the first structural stress, a first weakness metric for the first virtual cross-section; and
determining, based on at least one first weakness metric and, a printing orientation for the 3D model.
2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein computing the first structural stress comprises:
determining, from the at least one bending moment, a bending moment equilibrium; and
applying a moment equilibrium heuristic on the bending moment equilibrium to generate the first structural stress.
3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising generating the first virtual cross-section comprising:
determining a first slicing direction;
slicing the 3D model along the first slicing direction to generate a set of cross-sections; and
combining, based on one or more connectivity characteristics of the 3D model, a first subset of cross-sections included in the set of cross-sections to generate the first virtual cross-section.
4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining a first slicing direction;
determining a second slicing direction;
slicing the 3D model along the second slicing direction to generate a set of cross-sections; and
combining, based on the one or more connectivity characteristics of the 3D model, at least two cross-sections included in the set of cross-sections to generate a second virtual cross-section.
5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising:
generating a second virtual cross-section of the 3D model, wherein the first virtual cross-section is based on a first slicing direction and the second virtual cross-section is based on a second slicing direction;
computing, based on at least one bending moment applied to the second virtual cross-section, a second structural stress associated with the second virtual cross-section; and
determining, based on the second structural stress, a second weakness metric for the second virtual cross-section,
wherein the printing orientation is based on the first weakness metric, the second weakness metric, the first slicing direction, and the second slicing direction.
6. The computer-implemented method of claim 3 , further comprising:
combining, based on the one or more connectivity characteristics of the 3D model, a second subset of cross-sections included in the first set of cross-sections to generate a second virtual cross-section, wherein at least one cross-section included in the first subset of cross-sections is not included in the second subset of cross-sections;
computing, based on at least one bending moment applied to the second virtual cross-section, a second structural stress associated with the second virtual cross-section; and
determining, based on the second structural stress, a second weakness metric for the second; virtual cross-section,
wherein the printing orientation is based on the first weakness metric, the second weakness metric, and the first slicing direction.
7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the first structural stress is equal to a maximum stress that can be applied to the first virtual cross-section without causing a physical version of the 3D model to break.
8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising:
receiving an updated 3D model
generating a second virtual cross-section of the of 3D model; and
determining, based on the second virtual cross-section, an updated printing orientation for the updated 3D model.
9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein determining the first weakness metric comprises:
determining a first area corresponding to a two-dimensional (2D) slice of the first virtual cross-section;
determining a first force associated with the first structural stress; and
computing a first weakness value based on both the first force and the first area, wherein the at least one first weakness metric includes the first weakness value.
10. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media including instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to optimize an orientation of a 3D model for physical printing by performing the steps of:
generating a first virtual cross-section of a three-dimensional (3D) model;
computing, based on a first set of forces applied to one or more portions of the first virtual cross-section, a first structural stress associated with the first virtual cross section;
determining, from the first structural stress, a first weakness metric for the first virtual cross-section; and
determining a printing orientation for the 3D model based on the first weakness metric.
11. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 10 , wherein determining the printing orientation for the 3D model comprises:
determining a first weakness direction associated with fabricating the 3D model; and
determining a first orientation that minimizes a volume of the 3D model that is fabricated in the first weakness direction; and
selecting, based on the first orientation, the printing orientation for the 3D model.
12. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 10 , further comprising determining a first weakness direction associated with fabricating the 3D model, wherein the first weakness direction is associated with a first anisotropic property a first 3D printer.
13. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 10 , wherein computing the first structural stress comprises:
determining a neutral axis corresponding to the first virtual cross-section; and
applying a Euler-Bernoulli assumption to the first virtual cross section and neutral axis to generate the first structural stress.
14. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 10 , wherein the first virtual cross-section comprises a set of two or more disjoint cross-sections.
15. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 10 , wherein computing the first structural stress comprises:
determining, from the at least one bending moment, a bending moment equilibrium; and
applying a moment equilibrium heuristic on the bending moment equilibrium to generate the first structural stress.
16. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 10 , wherein generating the first virtual cross-section comprises:
determining a first slicing direction;
slicing the 3D model along the first slicing direction to generate a set of cross-sections; and
combining, based on one or more connectivity characteristics of the 3D model, a first subset of cross-sections included in the set of cross-sections to generate the first virtual cross-section.
17. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 10 , further comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to further perform the steps of:
determining a first slicing direction;
determining a second slicing direction;
slicing the 3D model along the second slicing direction to generate a set of cross-sections; and
combining, based on the one or more connectivity characteristics of the 3D model, at least two cross-sections included in the set of cross-sections to generate a second virtual cross-section.
18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 10 , further comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to further perform the steps of:
generating a second virtual cross-section of the 3D model, wherein the first virtual cross-section is based on a first slicing direction and the second virtual cross-section is based on a second slicing direction;
computing, based on at least one bending moment applied to the second virtual cross-section, a second structural stress associated with the second virtual cross-section; and
determining, based on the second structural stress, at least one second weakness metric for the second virtual cross-section,
wherein the printing orientation is based on the first weakness metric, the second weakness metric, the first slicing direction, and the second slicing direction.
19. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 10 , wherein the first 3D printer fabricates a physical 3D object corresponding to the 3D model by using the printing orientation for the 3D model to deposit one or more materials in a series of horizontal layers.
20. A three-dimensional (3D) printing system comprising:
a memory that stores instructions, and
one or more processors coupled to the memory that, when executing the instructions, determines a printing orientation for a 3D model by:
determining, based on a first structural stress associated with a first virtual cross-section of the 3D model, at least one first weakness metric for the first virtual cross-section; and
determining, based on the at least one first weakness metric, the printing orientation for the 3D model.
21. The three-dimensional (3D) printing system of claim 20 , wherein determining the printing orientation for the 3D model further comprises, prior to determining the at least one first weakness metric:
generating the first virtual cross-section of the 3D model; and
computing, based on at least one bending moment applied to the first virtual cross-section, the first structural stress associated with the first virtual cross-section.
22. The three-dimensional (3D) printing system of claim 20 , further comprising:
a 3D printer coupled to the one or more processors that fabricates a physical 3D object corresponding to the 3D model based on the printing orientation for the 3D model.