High capacity primary lithium cells and methods of making thereof
A high capacity primary electrochemical lithium cell includes an anode comprising metallic lithium, a hybrid cathode comprising a liquid SO 2 cathode and a solid cathode including a cathode material characterized by having a first electromotive force (EMF) when coupled to a metallic lithium anode. The first EMF is greater than a second EMF of a cell having a metallic lithium anode and a liquid SO 2 cathode. A separator may separate the anode from the solid cathode. The cell includes an electrolyte solution including at least one ionizable salt dissolved in at least one organic solvent. The solid cathode material may include carbon monofluoride (CF X ), a transition metal oxide, a mixture of two or more transition metal oxides or any combinations of such cathode materials. The solid cathode may also include a binder and a carbon based conductive material.
1. A primary electrochemical lithium cell, comprising:
an anode comprising metallic lithium therein;
a cathode comprising a current collector and both a liquid SO 2 cathode and a solid cathode which comprises a cathode material characterized by having a first electromotive force (EMF) when coupled to a metallic lithium anode, the first EMF is greater than a second EMF of a cell having a metallic lithium anode and a single liquid SO 2 cathode;
an electrolyte solution comprising at least one ionizable salt dissolved in at least one organic solvent; and
a separator disposed between the anode and the solid cathode of the cell.
2. The primary cell according to claim 1 , wherein the second EMF is in the range of 2.9-3.1 Volt.
3. The primary cell according to claim 1 , wherein the cathode material of the solid cathode is selected from, carbon monofluoride (CF X ), a transition metal oxide, a mixture of two or more transition metal oxides and any combinations thereof.
4. The primary cell according to claim 3 , wherein the transition metal oxide is selected from the list consisting of MnO 2 , CoO 2 , NiO 2 , V 2 O 5 .
5. The primary cell according to claim 3 , wherein the solid cathode comprises a mixture of CF X with one or more transition metal oxides, and wherein the weight of the CF X is in the range of 10%-45% of the total weight of the cathode material of the solid cathode.
6. The primary cell according to claim 3 , wherein the solid cathode material comprises CF X and wherein the energy density of the primary cell exceeds 215 Wh/Kg and/or exceeds 395 Wh/liter.
7. The primary cell according to claim 3 , wherein the solid cathode material comprises a mixture of CF X and MnO 2 and wherein the energy density of the primary cell exceeds 215 Wh/Kg and/or exceeds 395 Wh/liter.
8. The primary cell according to claim 3 , wherein the solid cathode material comprises MnO 2 and wherein the energy density of the primary cell exceeds 215 Wh/Kg and/or exceeds 395 Wh/liter.
9. The primary cell according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one ionizable salt is selected from LiBr, LiClO 4 and any combination thereof.
10. The primary cell according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one organic solvent is Acetonitrile (AN).
11. The primary cell according to claim 1 , wherein the cell is selected from a “Jelly Roll” type cell, a wafer type cell, a bobbin type cell and a prismatic type cell.
12. The primary cell according to claim 1 , wherein the first EMF is in the range of 3.0-4.5 Volt.
13. A method for constructing a primary electrochemical cell, the method comprising the steps of:
providing an anode including a current collector and metallic lithium;
providing a cathode including a current collector and both a liquid SO 2 cathode and a cathode material which comprises a solid material characterized by having a first electromotive force (EMF) when coupled to a metallic lithium anode, the first EMF is greater than a second EMF of a cell having a metallic lithium anode and a single liquid SO 2 cathode;
inserting the anode and the cathode with a separator interposed therebetween into a canister;
injecting into the canister under vacuum a mixture of liquid SO 2 , and an electrolyte solution comprising at least one ionizable salt and at least one organic solvent; and
hermetically sealing the cell after the step of injecting.
14. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the second EMF is in the range of 2.9-3.1 Volt.
15. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the cathode material of the solid cathode is selected from, carbon monofluoride (CF X ), a transition metal oxide, a mixture of two or more transition metal oxides and any combinations thereof.
16. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the transition metal oxide is selected from the list consisting of MnO 2 , CoO 2 , NiO 2 , V 2 O 5 .
17. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the solid cathode material comprises CF X and wherein the energy density of the primary cell exceeds 215 Wh/Kg and/or exceeds 395 Wh/liter.
18. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the solid cathode material comprises a mixture of CF X and MnO 2 and wherein the energy density of the primary cell exceeds 215 Wh/Kg and/or exceeds 395 Wh/liter.
19. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the solid cathode material comprises MnO 2 and wherein the energy density of the primary cell exceeds 215 Wh/Kg and/or exceeds 395 Wh/liter.
20. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the first EMF is in the range of 3.0-4.5 Volt.