Methods, apparatuses, and systems for measuring impedance spectrum, power spectrum, or spectral density using frequency component analysis of power converter voltage and current ripples

1. A method for measuring impedance spectrum, power spectrum, or spectral density, comprising:

applying, using a power converter, a perturbation signal;

varying a switching frequency of the power converter;

measuring an alternating current (AC) ripple associated with the power converter, wherein the AC ripple comprises an AC current ripple and an AC voltage ripple, the AC ripple having a switching ripple frequency;

performing a frequency analysis to obtain respective frequency components of the AC current ripple and the AC voltage ripple; and

calculating an impedance spectrum, a power spectrum, or a spectral density of an electrical component based on the respective frequency components of the AC current ripple and the AC voltage ripple, wherein the AC ripple further comprises a low frequency component associated with the perturbation signal and a high frequency component associated with the switching frequency of the power converter, wherein the impedance spectrum, the power spectrum, or the spectral density of the electrical component includes respective values at a plurality of different frequencies, the different frequencies including frequencies less than the switching ripple frequency and frequencies greater than the switching ripple frequency, and wherein the frequencies less than the switching ripple frequency are associated with the perturbation signal and the frequencies greater than the switching ripple frequency are associated with the switching frequency of the power converter.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the impedance spectrum, the power spectrum, or the spectral density is calculated while the power converter is online delivering power to a load.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein measuring the AC ripple comprises measuring respective voltages and currents associated with a plurality of electrical components, the method further comprising calculating a respective impedance spectrum, power spectrum, or spectral density of each of the electrical components.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the electrical components are connected in series or in parallel with each other.

5. An apparatus for measuring impedance spectrum, power spectrum, or spectral density, comprising:

a current sensor configured for measuring current flowing through an electrical component;

a voltage sensor configured for measuring voltage across the electrical component, wherein the measured current and voltage comprise an alternating current (AC) ripple associated with a power converter, the AC ripple comprising an AC current ripple and an AC voltage ripple;

a controller operably coupled to the current sensor and the voltage sensor; and

a power converter controller operably connected to the controller, wherein the power converter controller is configured to vary the switching frequency of the power converter, the controller comprising a processing unit and a memory operably coupled to the processing unit, the memory having computer-executable instructions stored thereon that, when executed by the processing unit, cause the processing unit to:

control the power converter to apply a perturbation signal,

receive and sample the current and voltage measured by the current and voltage sensors,

perform a frequency analysis on the sampled current and voltage to obtain respective frequency components of the AC current ripple and the AC voltage ripple, the AC ripple having a switching ripple frequency, and

calculate an impedance spectrum, a power spectrum, or a spectral density of the electrical component based on the respective frequency components of the AC current ripple and the AC voltage ripple, wherein the AC ripple further comprises a low frequency component associated with the perturbation signal and a high frequency component associated with the switching frequency of the power converter, wherein the impedance spectrum, the power spectrum, or the spectral density of the electrical component includes respective values at a plurality of different frequencies, the different frequencies including frequencies less than the switching ripple frequency and frequencies greater than the switching ripple frequency, and wherein the frequencies less than the switching ripple frequency are associated with the perturbation signal and the frequencies greater than the switching ripple frequency are associated with the switching frequency of the power converter.

6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the impedance spectrum, the power spectrum, or the spectral density is calculated using measurements of the AC ripple obtained over a single switching ripple cycle of the power converter.

7. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein performing the frequency analysis comprises using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) or a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).

8. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the electrical component comprises a power source or load.

9. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the electrical component is a component of the power converter.

10. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the impedance spectrum, the power spectrum, or the spectral density is calculated based on respective frequency components of the AC current ripple and the AC voltage ripple at a first switching frequency and respective frequency components of the AC current ripple and the AC voltage ripple at a second switching frequency.

11. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the power converter controller is configured to apply the perturbation signal, wherein the perturbation signal is a step-function perturbation configured to increase an output voltage or current of the power converter, and wherein the memory has further computer-executable instructions stored thereon that, when executed by the processing unit, cause the processing unit to:

measure voltage and current associated with the electrical component in response to the step-function perturbation; and

perform a frequency analysis to obtain respective frequency components of the response voltage and current associated with the electrical component, wherein the impedance spectrum, the power spectrum, or the spectral density is further calculated based on the respective frequency components of the response voltage and current associated with the electrical component.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the step-function perturbation has a square, semi square, pulse, saw-tooth, or non-square waveform shape.

13. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the power converter controller is configured to apply the perturbation signal, wherein the perturbation signal is a duty cycle perturbation to the power converter, and wherein the memory has further computer-executable instructions stored thereon that, when executed by the processing unit, cause the processing unit to:

measure voltage and current associated with the electrical component in response to the duty cycle perturbation; and

perform a frequency analysis to obtain respective frequency components of the response voltage and current associated with the electrical component, wherein the impedance spectrum, the power spectrum, or the spectral density is further calculated based on the respective frequency components of the response voltage and current associated with the electrical component.

14. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the power converter controller is configured to control the power converter based on the impedance spectrum, the power spectrum, or the spectral density.

15. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein controlling the power converter comprises at least one of adjusting a frequency, duty cycle, output voltage, or output current; performing fault detection; maximizing efficiency or power transfer; or performing maximum power point tracking.

16. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the memory has further computer-executable instructions stored thereon that, when executed by the processing unit, cause the processing unit to use the impedance spectrum, the power spectrum, or the spectral density to obtain a state of health (SOH) or state of charge (SOC) of the electrical component.

17. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the electrical component is a transistor, capacitor, or inductor.

18. A system for measuring impedance spectrum, power spectrum, or spectral density, comprising:

a power converter electrically connected between a power source and a load;

an electrical component operably connected with the power converter;

a current sensor configured for measuring current flowing through the electrical component;

a voltage sensor configured for measuring voltage across the electrical component, wherein the measured current and voltage comprise an alternating current (AC) ripple associated with the power converter, the AC ripple comprising an AC current ripple and an AC voltage ripple; and

a controller operably coupled to the current sensor and the voltage sensor, the controller comprising a processing unit and a memory operably coupled to the processing unit, the memory having computer-executable instructions stored thereon that, when executed by the processing unit, cause the processing unit to:

control the power converter to a apply perturbation signal,

vary a switching frequency of the power converter,

receive and sample the current and voltage measured by the current and voltage sensors,

perform a frequency analysis on the current and voltage to obtain respective frequency components of the AC current ripple and the AC voltage ripple, the AC ripple having a switching ripple frequency, and

calculate an impedance spectrum, a power spectrum, or a spectral density of the electrical component based on the respective frequency components of the AC current ripple and the AC voltage ripple, wherein the AC ripple further comprises a low frequency component associated with the perturbation signal and a high frequency component associated with the switching frequency of the power converter, wherein the impedance spectrum, the power spectrum, or the spectral density of the electrical component includes respective values at a plurality of different frequencies, the different frequencies including frequencies less than the switching ripple frequency and frequencies greater than the switching ripple frequency, and wherein the frequencies less than the switching ripple frequency are associated with the perturbation signal and the frequencies greater than the switching ripple frequency are associated with the switching frequency of the power converter.