Antimicrobial guanidinium and thiouronium functionalized polymers
Antimicrobial cationic polycarbonates and polyurethanes have been prepared comprising one or more pendent guanidinium and/or isothiouronium groups. Additionally, antimicrobial particles were prepared having a silica core linked to surface groups comprising a guanidinium and/or isothiouronium group. The cationic polymers and cationic particles can be potent antimicrobial agents against Gram-negative microbes, Gram-positive microbes, and/or fungi.
1. A method, comprising:
conducting an organocatalyzed ring opening polymerization of a cyclic carbonate monomer using a particle comprising i) a core and ii) alcohol and/or amine surface groups covalently linked to the core, the surface groups capable of initiating the ring opening polymerization, thereby forming an initial polymer-modified particle, the cyclic carbonate monomer having a structure according to formula (M-1):
wherein
ring atoms of (M-1) are numbered 1 to 6,
each B′ is an independent acid-labile protecting group,
L′ is a divalent hydrocarbon radical comprising 2 to 30 carbons,
each R′ is an independent monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbons,
R″ is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbons, and
Y′ is *—O—* or *—N(H)—*; and
treating the initial polymer-modified particle with a protic acid, thereby forming a second polymer-modified particle comprising a cationic polymer chain covalently linked to one of the surface groups, the cationic polymer chain comprising a cationic subunit of formula (A-1):
wherein
atoms numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of (A-1) are backbone atoms of the cationic polymer,
m is 1 or 2,
n is 0 or 1, wherein when m is 2, n is 0,
each R′ is an independent monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbons,
R″ is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbons, and
each Q″ is an independent group comprising a guanidinium group.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein each R′ is hydrogen.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein R″ is methyl or ethyl.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein Y′ is *—O—*.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein Y′ is *—N(H)—*.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cationic polymer chain is a polycarbonate.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second polymer-modified particle is capable of killing a Gram-positive bacterium, a Gram-negative bacterium, and/or a fungus.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein m is 1 and n is 1.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein (M-1) is
wherein n is a positive integer having a value of 1 to 6.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein (M-1) is
wherein n is a positive integer having a value of 1 to 6.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein (M-1) is
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cationic subunit has a structure according to formula (A-2):
wherein
atoms numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of (A-2) are backbone atoms of the cationic polymer,
L′ is a divalent hydrocarbon radical comprising 2 to 30 carbons,
Q′ is *—N(H)—*,
each R′ is an independent monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbons,
R″ is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbons,
X′ is a negative-charged counterion, and
Y′ is *—O—* or *—N(H)—*.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein L′ is selected from the group consisting of 1,2-ethylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,4-butylene, 1,5-pentylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene, and 1,4-phenylene.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the core of the particle is silica.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the core of the particle is a silica gel.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface groups comprise amine groups.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particle has a median size between 5 nm and 200 micrometers.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cationic polymer chain is capable of forming a complex by non-covalent interactions with a biologically active material selected from the group consisting of drugs and genes.