Dispersants for lubricating oil compositions
A lubricating oil composition comprises a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity and a minor amount of an unsymmetrical bis-succinimide, or a mixture of unsymmetrical bis-succinimides, of the structure (I): wherein one of R 1 and R 2 is a polyisobutylene group having a weight average molecular weight of 400 to 5,000, as determined by GPC with reference to linear polystyrene standards, and the other of R 1 and R 2 is a hydrocarbon group made by the metallocene-catalysed polymerisation of an α-olefin feedstock; and x is from 1 to 10 and is the same for all molecules of structure (I), or an average of all molecules of structure (I) in a mixture of molecules of structure (I).
1. A lubricating oil composition comprising a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity and a minor amount of an unsymmetrical bis-succinimide dispersant, or a mixture of unsymmetrical bis-succinimide dispersants, of the structure (I):
wherein one of R 1 and R 2 , is a polyisobutylene group having a number average molecular weight of 400 to 5,000, as determined by GPC with reference to linear polystyrene standards, and the other of R 1 and R 2 is a hydrocarbon group made by the metallocene-catalysed polymerisation of an α-olefin feedstock, and wherein x is from 5 to 8 and is the same for all molecules of structure (I) or an average of all molecules of structure (I) in a mixture of molecules of structure (I).
2. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1 , wherein the α-olefin feedstock comprises 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 1-undecene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene and 1-octadecene and any mixtures of two or more of these α-olefins.
3. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 2 , wherein the α-olefin feedstock consists essentially of 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene or any mixture thereof.
4. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon group made by the metallocene-catalysed polymerisation of an α-olefin feedstock has a number average molecular weight of 300 to 20,000, as determined by GPC with reference to linear polystyrene standards.
5. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1 , wherein the unsymmetrical bis-succinimide dispersant of the structure (I) is present in the lubricating oil composition in an amount of from 0.01 to 20% by mass, based on the mass of the composition.
6. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1 , which is an automatic transmission fluid.
7. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 6 , further comprising as a friction modifier the product of an isomerized alkenyl-substituted succinic anhydride and a polyamine, the product having structure (II):
wherein x and y are independently zero or integers from 1 to 30, where x+y is from 1 to 30, and z is zero or an integer from 1 to 10.
8. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 1 , further comprising one or more co-additives in addition to the unsymmetrical bis-succinimide dispersant of the structure (I).
9. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 7 , further comprising one or more co-additives in addition to the unsymmetrical bis-succinimide dispersant of the structure (I) and the friction modifier product of an isomerized alkenyl-substituted succinic anhydride and a polyamine having structure (II).
10. A method of making an unsymmetrical bis-succinimide dispersant, or a mixture of unsymmetrical bis-succinimide dispersants, of the structure (I):
wherein one of R 1 and R 2 is a polyisobutylene group having a number average molecular weight of 400 to 5,000, as determined by GPC with reference to linear polystyrene standards, and the other of R 1 and R 2 is a hydrocarbon group made by the metallocene-catalysed polymerisation of an α-olefin feedstock, and wherein x is from 5 to 8 and is the same for all molecules of structure (I) or an average of all molecules of structure (I) in a mixture of molecules of structure (I);
the method comprising:
(a) forming or otherwise providing a mixture of (i) a polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic anhydride, the polyisobutylene group having a number average molecular weight of 400 to 5,000, as determined by GPC with reference to linear polystyrene standards, and (ii) a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride where the hydrocarbyl substituent is a hydrocarbon group made by the metallocene-catalysed polymerisation of an α-olefin feedstock; and
(b) reacting the mixture from step (a) with a polyethylene polyamine or a mixture of polyethylene polyamines.
11. A method according to claim 10 , wherein the α-olefin feedstock comprises 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 1-undecene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene and 1-octadecene and any mixtures of two or more of these α-olefins.
12. A method according to claim 10 , wherein the α-olefin feedstock consists essentially of 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene or any mixture thereof.
13. A method according to claim 10 , wherein in step (a), the mixture of component (i) and component (ii) contains equal molar quantities of (i) and (ii).
14. A method of increasing the fatigue lifetime between two or more contacting surfaces moving relative to one another, the method comprising lubricating the contacting surfaces with a lubricating oil composition according to claim 1 .
15. A lubricant oil composition according to claim 1 , further comprising one or more antiwear agents, wherein the one or more antiwear agents consist essentially of the reaction products of a beta-hydroxy thioether, an organic phosphite ester, and optionally a nucleophilic reactant capable of reacting with an episulfonium cation.
16. A lubricant oil composition according to claim 8 , wherein the one or more co-additives further comprises one or more antiwear agents, wherein the one or more antiwear agents consist essentially of the reaction products of a beta-hydroxy thioether, an organic phosphite ester, and optionally a nucleophilic reactant capable of reacting with an episulfonium cation.
17. A lubricant oil composition according to claim 9 , wherein the one or more co-additives further comprises one or more antiwear agents, wherein the one or more antiwear agents consist essentially of the reaction products of a beta-hydroxy thioether, an organic phosphite ester, and optionally a nucleophilic reactant capable of reacting with an episulfonium cation.
18. A lubricant oil composition comprising an unsymmetrical bis-succinimide dispersant made according to the method of claim 10 .
19. A lubricant oil composition according to claim 18 , further comprising one or more antiwear agents, wherein the one or more antiwear agents consist essentially of the reaction products of a beta-hydroxy thioether, an organic phosphite ester, and optionally a nucleophilic reactant capable of reacting with an episulfonium cation.
20. A method of increasing the fatigue lifetime between two or more contacting surfaces moving relative to one another, the method comprising lubricating the contacting surfaces with a lubricating oil composition according to claim 15 .