Flexible optical-fiber ribbon
An optical-fiber ribbon having excellent flexibility, strength, and robustness includes optical fibers having a sacrificial, outer release layer that facilitates separation of an optical fiber from the optical-fiber ribbon without damaging the optical fiber's glass core, glass cladding, primary coating, secondary coating, and ink layer, if present.
1. A method of making an optical-fiber ribbon, comprising
(i) arranging a plurality of optical fibers into a longitudinal optical-fiber assembly, wherein the plurality of optical fibers are parallel and respectively adjacent to each other, and wherein each optical fiber includes, from its center to its periphery, a glass core, a glass cladding, a primary coating, a secondary coating, an ink layer, and a sacrificial, outer release layer formed of a first curable resin that is less than completely cured, the sacrificial, outer release layer contiguously surrounding the ink layer;
(ii) applying a second curable resin to a surface of the optical-fiber assembly, wherein the second curable resin forms a plurality of successive elongated rectilinear beads configured to form bonds between adjacent optical fibers in the optical-fiber assembly; and
(iii) passing the optical-fiber assembly with the surficial, elongated rectilinear beads through a curing station to cure the second curable resin and to further cure the first curable resin.
2. The method according to claim 1 , comprising, before the step of arranging the plurality of optical fibers into a longitudinal optical-fiber assembly, curing the first curable resin to between 90 and 95 percent cured as determined using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) of the peak of the chemically active group of the first curable resin.
3. The method according to claim 1 , comprising, before the step of arranging the plurality of optical fibers into a longitudinal optical-fiber assembly, curing the first curable resin to greater than 95 percent cured as determined using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) of the peak of the chemically active group of the first curable resin.
4. The method according to claim 1 , comprising, before the step of arranging the plurality of optical fibers into a longitudinal optical-fiber assembly, curing the first curable resin in an environment in which the oxygen concentration is between 500 ppm and 3,500 ppm.
5. The method according to claim 1 , comprising, before the step of arranging the plurality of optical fibers into a longitudinal optical-fiber assembly, curing the first curable resin in a controlled nitrogen-purging environment in which the nitrogen concentration is at least 99 mole percent nitrogen.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of arranging the plurality of optical fibers into a longitudinal optical-fiber assembly comprises arranging the plurality of parallel optical fibers into a planar optical-fiber assembly.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of applying the second curable resin to a surface of the optical-fiber assembly comprises applying beads of the second curable resin (i) to only one side of the optical-fiber assembly and (ii) within grooves formed between adjacent optical fibers.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of applying the second curable resin to a surface of the optical-fiber assembly comprises applying the second curable resin (i) at a temperature of between 23° C. and 60° C. and (ii) with a viscosity of between 100 cP and 1,000 cP.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of applying the second curable resin to a surface of the optical-fiber assembly comprises applying beads of the second curable resin in a stepwise pattern.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of applying the second curable resin to a surface of the optical-fiber assembly comprises applying beads of the second curable resin in a zig-zag like arrangement.
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of applying the second curable resin to a surface of the optical-fiber assembly comprises applying beads of the second curable resin in successive, recurring, stepwise zig-zag like patterns in which the recurrence of the stepwise zig-zag like patterns in the same width direction is between 14× and 140× the width of the optical-fiber assembly.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of applying the second curable resin to a surface of the optical-fiber assembly comprises applying beads of the second curable resin in a saw-tooth like arrangement.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of applying the second curable resin to a surface of the optical-fiber assembly comprises applying beads of the second curable resin in successive, recurring, stepwise saw-tooth like patterns in which the recurrence of the stepwise saw-tooth like patterns in the same width direction is between 10× and 100× the width of the optical-fiber assembly.
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of applying the second curable resin to a surface of the optical-fiber assembly comprises forming a plurality of successive elongated rectilinear beads having respective bonding lengths (l) between 2 and 20 times the respective longitudinal-spacing distances (d) between successive elongated rectilinear beads.
15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein, after the step of passing the optical-fiber assembly through a curing station to cure the second curable resin and to further cure the first curable resin, the cured second curable resin is chemically coupled to the cured first curable resin via covalent bonds.
16. The method according to claim 1 , wherein, after the step of passing the optical-fiber assembly through a curing station to cure the second curable resin and to further cure the first curable resin, the cured second curable resin has (i) elongation to break of at least 150 percent as measured via ASTM D638-14 and (ii) Young's modulus of between 1 MPa and 50 MPa as measured via ASTM D638-14.
17. A method of making an optical-fiber ribbon, comprising
(i) arranging a plurality of optical fibers into a longitudinal optical-fiber assembly, wherein the plurality of optical fibers are parallel and respectively adjacent to each other, and wherein each optical fiber includes, from its center to its periphery, a glass core, a glass cladding, a primary coating, a secondary coating, an ink layer, and a sacrificial, outer release layer formed of a first ultraviolet-curable resin that is between 85 and 95 percent surface cured as determined using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) of the peak of the chemically active group of the first ultraviolet-curable resin, the sacrificial, outer release layer contiguously surrounding the ink layer;
(ii) applying a second ultraviolet-curable resin to a surface of the optical-fiber assembly, wherein the second ultraviolet-curable resin forms a plurality of successive elongated rectilinear beads configured to form bonds between adjacent optical fibers in the optical-fiber assembly; and
(iii) passing the optical-fiber assembly with the surficial, elongated rectilinear beads through a curing station emitting ultraviolet radiation to cure the second ultraviolet-curable resin and to further cure the first ultraviolet-curable resin.
18. The method according to claim 17 , comprising, before the step of arranging the plurality of optical fibers into a longitudinal optical-fiber assembly, curing the first ultraviolet-curable resin in an environment in which the oxygen concentration is between 500 ppm and 3,500 ppm.
19. The method according to claim 17 , comprising, before the step of arranging the plurality of optical fibers into a longitudinal optical-fiber assembly, curing the first ultraviolet-curable resin in an environment in which the oxygen concentration is between 1,000 ppm and 2,000 ppm.
20. The method according to claim 17 , wherein the step of applying the second ultraviolet-curable resin to a surface of the optical-fiber assembly comprises applying beads of the second ultraviolet-curable resin in a stepwise pattern.
21. The method according to claim 17 , wherein the step of applying the second ultraviolet-curable resin to a surface of the optical-fiber assembly comprises applying beads of the second ultraviolet-curable resin in successive, recurring, stepwise patterns in which the recurrence of the stepwise patterns in the same width direction is between 10× and 140× the width of the optical-fiber assembly.
22. A method of making an optical-fiber ribbon, comprising
(i) arranging a plurality of optical fibers into a longitudinal optical-fiber assembly, wherein the plurality of optical fibers are parallel and respectively adjacent to each other, and wherein each optical fiber includes, from its center to its periphery, a glass core, a glass cladding, a primary coating, a secondary coating, an ink layer, and a sacrificial, outer release layer formed of a first ultraviolet-curable resin that is at least 95 percent surface cured as determined using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) of the peak of the chemically active group of the first ultraviolet-curable resin, the sacrificial, outer release layer contiguously surrounding the ink layer;
(ii) applying a second ultraviolet-curable resin to a surface of the optical-fiber assembly, wherein the second ultraviolet-curable resin forms a plurality of successive elongated rectilinear beads configured to form bonds between adjacent optical fibers in the optical-fiber assembly; and
(iii) passing the optical-fiber assembly with the surficial, elongated rectilinear beads through a curing station emitting ultraviolet radiation to cure the second ultraviolet-curable resin and to further cure the first ultraviolet-curable resin.
23. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the step of applying the second ultraviolet-curable resin to a surface of the optical-fiber assembly comprises applying beads of the second ultraviolet-curable resin in a stepwise pattern.