Systems, methods, and apparatuses for reducing hydrodynamic frictional drag
Systems, methods and apparatuses are provided for the reduction of hydrodynamic frictional drag. These systems, methods and apparatuses can include a vessel surface having an external layer and a plurality of dimples, wherein the external layer comprises a hydrophilic material, and wherein each of the dimples includes an inner surface having a superhydrophobic coating. The dimples can be configured to maintain an air-water interface as one or more fluids flow over the vessel surface. In some embodiments, a pressure reservoir can be coupled with the dimples, and can include an acoustic speaker to vibrate the air-water interface.
1. A system for reducing hydrodynamic frictional drag, the system comprising:
a vessel surface having an external layer and a plurality of dimples, wherein the external layer and an inner surface of the plurality of dimples have a differential surface property,
wherein the external layer comprises a hydrophilic material,
wherein the internal surface of each of the plurality of dimples comprises a superhydrophobic coating, and
wherein each of the plurality of dimples is adapted to maintain an air bubble within, as one or more fluids flow over the vessel surface; and
a pressure reservoir coupled with the plurality of dimples, wherein the pressure reservoir is configured to maintain an air-water interface over the plurality of dimples, and wherein the pressure reservoir includes an acoustic speaker configured to vibrate the air-water interface over the plurality of dimples.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the external layer is substantially flat.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of dimples has a hexagonal cross section.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of dimples has a circular cross section.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of dimples is coupled to the pressure reservoir by an air channel through which air and sound can be conducted.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the acoustic speaker is further configured to output an acoustic wave at a predetermined signal frequency and a predetermined amplitude.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the predetermined signal frequency is between 5 and 30 Hz.
8. The system of claim 6 , wherein the predetermined signal frequency is approximately 20 Hz.
9. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
control electronics comprising:
one or more sensors;
one or more processors;
memory coupled to the one or more processors, wherein the memory is non-transitory and configured to store instructions that when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to monitor the pressure in the pressure reservoir.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the pressure reservoir is coupled with an air pump, and wherein the pressure reservoir is configured to replenish air to the plurality of dimples.
11. The system of claim 1 , wherein the pressure reservoir is configured to maintain the air-water interface in a bulged configuration.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the pressure reservoir is configured to maintain the air-water interface in a flat configuration.
13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the pressure reservoir is configured to maintain the air-water interface in a sagged configuration.
14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the superhydrophobic coating comprises at least one of a manganese oxide polystyrene nano-composite, a zinc oxide polystyrene nano-composite, a calcium carbonate, a carbon nano-tube structure, or a silica nano-coating.