Thermoplastic vulcanizate compositions for photovoltaic cell applications
Provided herein are back sheets comprising and/or otherwise made from thermoplastic vulcanizates, PV modules comprising such TPV-based back sheets, and methods for forming the TPV back sheets and PV modules. TPV-based back sheets provide particular advantages over incumbent back sheets, including increased flexibility, greater electrical insulation properties, and more desirable barrier properties. The TPV-based back sheets of some embodiments provide PV modules improved endurance, particularly under the changing and often harsh environmental conditions in which PV modules are often deployed. The TPV-based back sheets of some embodiments also enable efficient construction of unusual PV module geometries, such as non-planar (e.g., curved and/or hinged) geometries.
1. A photovoltaic module comprising:
one or more photovoltaic cells at least partially encapsulated in a multilayer composite consisting of (i) a first layer consisting essentially of a thermoplastic vulcanizate and (ii) a second layer comprising an at least partially crosslinked polymeric composition;
wherein the thermoplastic vulcanizate comprises an at least partially vulcanized rubber dispersed in a continuous thermoplastic matrix, and further wherein the thermoplastic vulcanizate has one or both of the following properties: hardness of at least 55 Shore A, and M100 within the range from 1 to 15 MPa.
2. The photovoltaic module of claim 1 , wherein the at least partially crosslinked polymeric composition is selected from the group consisting of ionomers, thermoplastic poly urethanes (TPUs), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polydimethylsilicone (PDMS), ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), and combinations thereof.
3. The photovoltaic module of claim 1 , wherein a front side of each of the one or more photovoltaic cells is not encapsulated in the multilayer composite, and further wherein the front side of each photovoltaic cell is covered by a front encapsulant comprising a polymeric material selected from the group consisting of ionomers, thermoplastic poly urethanes (TPUs), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polydimethylsilicone (PDMS), ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), and combinations thereof.
4. The photovoltaic module of claim 1 , wherein the multilayer composite has average thickness ranging from 0.1 mm to 1.5 mm.
5. The photovoltaic module of claim 1 , wherein less than 10 wt % of the at least partially vulcanized rubber is extractable from the thermoplastic vulcanizate in boiling xylene.
6. The photovoltaic module of claim 1 , wherein the TPV comprises oil and wherein at least 90 wt % of the oil in the TPV has Saybolt color value within the range from +20 to +30, as determined by ASTM D156.
7. The photovoltaic module of claim 1 , wherein the at least partially vulcanized rubber of the thermoplastic vulcanizate comprises an ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) rubber; and further wherein the continuous thermoplastic matrix comprises polypropylene.
8. The photovoltaic module of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic vulcanizate comprises one or more of UV stabilizers and functionalized polymers.