Polycrystalline metal oxides with enriched grain boundaries
Provided are electrochemically active secondary particles that provide excellent capacity and improved cycle life. The particles are characterized by selectively enriched grain boundaries where the grain boundaries are enriched with Al and Co. The enrichment with Al reduces impedance generation during cycling thereby improving capacity and cycle life. Also provided are methods of forming electrochemically active materials, as well as electrodes and electrochemical cells employing the secondary particles.
1. A particle, comprising:
a plurality of crystallites comprising a first composition comprising lithium, nickel, and oxygen;
a grain boundary between adjacent crystallites of the plurality of crystallites and comprising a second composition having the layered α-NaFeO 2 -type structure, a cubic structure, a spinel structure, or a combination thereof;
wherein a concentration of aluminum in the grain boundary is greater than a concentration of aluminum in the crystallites, and wherein a concentration of cobalt in the grain boundary is greater than a concentration of cobalt in the crystallites.
2. The particle of claim 1 wherein the aluminum is substantially uniformly distributed through said plurality of particles.
3. The particle of claim 1 wherein the amount of aluminum averaged in the grain boundary is 0.01 at % to 10 at % relative to the total transition metal averaged in the first composition.
4. The particle of claim 1 wherein the concentration of aluminum in the second composition is equal to or less than the concentration of Co in the second composition.
5. The particle of claim 1 wherein the plurality of crystallites has an α-NaFeO 2 -type layered structure, a cubic structure, a spinel structure, or a combination thereof.
6. The particle of 1, wherein the grain boundary comprises cobalt in an amount of about 2 at % to about 99 at % relative to total transition metal in the second composition, and aluminum in an amount of about 0.5 at % to about 99 at % relative to total transition metal in the second composition.
7. The particle of claim 1 wherein the crystallites each comprise a first composition defined by Li 1+x MO 2+y , wherein
−0.1≤x≤0.3,
−0.3≤y≤0.3, and wherein M comprises nickel at greater than or equal to 10 atomic percent.
8. The particle of claim 7 wherein M comprises an atomic percent of nickel greater than or equal to 75 at %.
9. The particle of claim 7 , wherein
M further comprises an additional metal, wherein the additional metal is present in an amount of about 1 at % to about 90 at %;
the additional metal is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Sr, Co, Al, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn, V, Ba, Zr, Ti, Nb, Ta, Cr, Fe, Mo, W, Hf, B, and any combination thereof.
10. The particle of claim 7 , wherein the crystallites comprise cobalt, with the cobalt concentration in the range of 1 at % to about 50 at % of M in the first composition.
11. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the grain boundary comprises aluminum in an amount of about 2 at % to about 99 at % relative to total transition metal in the second composition.
12. The particle of claim 1 , wherein
the crystallites comprise Mn present in an amount of about 1 at % to about 60 at %, and
the grain boundary comprises Mn present in an amount of about 1 at % to about 60 at %,
wherein the at % are relative to total transition metal in the crystallites or the grain boundary, respectively.
13. The particle of claim 1 wherein the grain boundary comprises Ni, Co, and Al.
14. The particle of claim 1 , further comprising an outer coating on a surface of the particle, the outer coating comprising:
an oxide of one or more elements selected from Al, Y, Co, Ni, Zr, Mg, and Li;
a fluoride comprising one or more elements selected from Al, Zr and Li;
a sulfate comprising one or more elements selected from Al, Co, Ni, Mn, Zr and Li;
a carbonate comprising one or more elements selected from Al, Co, Ni, Mn, Zr and Li; or
a phosphate comprising one or more elements selected from Al and Li.
15. An electrochemically active polycrystalline secondary particle comprising:
a plurality of crystallites, the plurality of crystallites comprising a first composition defined by Li 1+x MO 2+y , wherein
−0.1≤x≤0.3,
−0.3≤y≤0.3, and
wherein M comprises nickel at greater than or equal to 80 atomic percent; and
a grain boundary between adjacent crystallites of said plurality of crystallites and comprising a second composition optionally having an α-NaFeO 2 -type layered structure, a cubic structure, spinel structure, or a combination thereof, wherein a concentration of aluminum in the grain boundary is greater than a concentration of aluminum in the crystallites, and wherein a concentration of cobalt in the grain boundary is greater than a concentration of cobalt in the crystallites.
16. The particle of claim 15 wherein M further comprises one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Mg, Co, Mn, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Ti, Zr, Y, Cr, Mo, Fe, V, Si, Ga and B, said one or more elements residing in a Li layer, a M layer, or both, of the crystallites.
17. The particle of claim 15 , wherein M comprises an atomic percent of nickel greater than or equal to 90 percent.
18. An electrochemical cell comprising a cathode active material, said cathode active material comprising the particle of claim 1 .
19. The electrochemical cell of claim 18 characterized by an impedance growth at 4.2V less than 100% for greater than 100 cycles at 45° C.
20. The electrochemical cell of claim 18 characterized by an impedance growth at 4.2V less than 100% for greater than 200 cycles at 45° C.