Sensors for measuring thermal conductivity and related methods
A sensor for measuring thermal conductivity includes an insulator, a test material over the insulator, a conductor over the test material, and a gas within an open volume adjacent the test material and the conductor. An electrical source is configured to provide an alternating current through the conductor to heat the test material. Leads are connected to the conductor and configured to connect to a voltmeter. A method of measuring thermal conductivity includes disposing the sensor in a reactor core in which a nuclear fuel undergoes irradiation and radioactive decay. An alternating current is provided from the electrical source through the conductor to heat the test material. A voltage is measured as a function of time at the leads connected to the conductor. A thermal conductivity of the test material is calculated based on the voltage measured as a function of time. Methods of forming a sensor are also disclosed.
1. A sensor for measuring thermal conductivity, the sensor comprising:
an insulator;
a test material over the insulator;
a conductor over the test material;
a gas within an open volume adjacent the test material and the conductor;
an electrical source configured to provide an alternating current through the conductor to heat the test material; and
a pair of leads connected to the conductor and configured to connect to a voltmeter for measuring a voltage drop across the conductor.
2. The sensor of claim 1 , further comprising a bonding material between the test material and the insulator.
3. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the insulator comprises a generally cylindrical disk.
4. The sensor of claim 1 , further comprising another insulator at least partially defining the open volume adjacent the test material and the conductor.
5. The sensor of claim 1 , further comprising a sheath surrounding the insulator, the test material, and the conductor.
6. The sensor of claim 1 , further comprising:
a second insulator;
a second test material over the second insulator;
a second conductor over the second test material;
a second gas within a second open volume adjacent the second test material and the second conductor; and
a second pair of leads connected to the second conductor and configured to connect to the voltmeter;
wherein the electrical source is configured to provide a second alternating current through the second conductor to heat the second test material.
7. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the test material comprises a fissile material.
8. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the test material has a thickness between about 0.1 mm and about 2 mm.
9. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the insulator, the test material, the gas, the conductor, and at least a portion of the leads are disposed within a sheath.
10. The sensor of claim 9 , wherein the sheath is generally cylindrical and has an outside diameter between about 1 mm and about 20 mm.
11. The sensor of claim 9 , wherein the sheath comprises a ceramic.
12. A method of forming a sensor, comprising:
providing a test material over an insulator;
providing a conductor over and in contact with the test material;
sealing a gas within an open volume adjacent the test material and the conductor;
connecting the conductor to an electrical source configured to provide an alternating current through the conductor to heat the test material; and
connecting a pair of leads to the conductor, the pair of leads configured to connect to a voltmeter for measuring a voltage drop across the conductor.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein providing a test material over an insulator comprises bonding the test material to the insulator.
14. The method of claim 12 , further comprising sealing the insulator, the test material, and the conductor within a sheath.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein providing a test material over an insulator comprises providing a test material having a composition in common with a composition of a nuclear fuel rod.