Electrowetting cells with high transmissivity fluids
The examples relate to various implementations of an electrowetting cell and optical devices including the electrowetting cell. The electrowetting cell includes a conductive fluid and a non-conductive fluid having refractive indices that differ by at least 0.2. In an example, the fluids of the electrowetting cell are capable of providing at least 50% transmissivity to radiation in a preselected band within the x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, or radiowave spectrums after 1 hour at a temperature of 40° C. and/or after 1 hour of an exposure at an average illuminance of at least 80,000 lux. In another example, the non-conductive fluid is selected from a compound of Formula 1, 2, or 3: in which R 1 to R 9 and R 11 to R 16 are independently selected from H, a saturated or unsaturated, branched or linear C1 to C6 alkyl group, and a phenyl group; R and R 10 are aromatic groups, optionally substituted by one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, and Si, and, in Formula 1, R 1 and R are optionally linked to one another so as to define a ring; and n is an integer from 1 to 5. The electrowetting cell may be coupled to an optical device, such as a light sensor or light emitting device.
1. A luminaire, comprising:
a driver circuit;
a plurality of light sources coupled to the driver circuit to emit artificial lighting light in a preselected band within the infrared, visible, or ultraviolet spectrums;
a plurality of electrowetting cells coupled to the plurality of light sources to beam steer or beam shape the artificial lighting from the plurality of light sources;
wherein the plurality of electrowetting cells comprises a conductive fluid and a non-conductive fluid having refractive indices that differ by at least 0.2; and
wherein the conductive fluid and the non-conductive fluid of the plurality of electrowetting cells are capable of providing at least 50% transmissivity with regard to the artificial lighting in the preselected band within the infrared, visible, or ultraviolet spectrums after 1 hour of an exposure at an average illuminance of at least 80,000 lux from the artificial lighting.
2. The luminaire of claim 1 , wherein the preselected band comprises at least 5% of the wavelengths within the infrared, visible, or ultraviolet spectrums.
3. The luminaire of claim 1 , wherein the preselected band comprises at least 10% of the wavelengths within the infrared, visible, or ultraviolet spectrums.
4. The luminaire of claim 1 , wherein the conductive fluid and non-conductive fluid have surface tensions that differ by at least 10 mN/m.
5. The luminaire of claim 1 , wherein the non-conductive fluid has a refractive index of at least 1.55.
6. The luminaire of claim 1 , wherein the non-conductive fluid is selected from a silicon based fluid, a polyphenyl ether, or a polyphenylene oxide.
7. The luminaire of claim 1 , wherein:
the conductive fluid and the non-conductive fluid of the plurality of electrowetting cells are capable of providing at least 60% transmissivity with regard to the artificial lighting after 1 hour of an exposure at an average illuminance of at least 80,000 lux from the artificial lighting.
8. The luminaire of claim 1 , wherein:
the conductive fluid and the non-conductive fluid of the plurality of electrowetting cells are capable of providing at least 75% transmissivity with regard to the artificial lighting after 1 hour of an exposure at an average illuminance of at least 80,000 lux from the artificial lighting.
9. The luminaire of claim 1 , wherein:
the conductive fluid and the non-conductive fluid of the plurality of electrowetting cells are capable of providing at least 80% transmissivity with regard to the artificial lighting after 1 hour of an exposure at an average illuminance of at least 80,000 lux from the artificial lighting.
10. The luminaire of claim 1 , wherein:
the plurality of electrowetting cells include:
a non-transparent substrate that includes a well filled with the conductive fluid and the non-conductive fluid;
a first plate coupled to the non-transparent substrate to seal a top of the well and form a first transparent window at one axial end of the well, the first plate residing in an optical active area through which light is transmitted or reflected; and
a second plate coupled to the substrate to seal a bottom of the well and form a second transparent cover window at an opposite axial end of the well, the second plate residing in the optical active area.
11. An electrowetting cell optic comprising:
a driver circuit;
a plurality of electrical-to-optical transducers coupled to the driver circuit to emit artificial lighting in a preselected band within the infrared, visible, or ultraviolet spectrums;
a plurality of electrowetting cells coupled to the plurality of electrical-to-optical transducers to optically change or spatially modulate a light distribution output from the electrical-to-optical transducers;
wherein the plurality of electrowetting cells include a conductive fluid and a non-conductive fluid having refractive indices that differ by at least 0.2; and
wherein the conductive fluid and the non-conductive fluid of the plurality of electrowetting cells are capable of providing at least 50% transmissivity with regard to the artificial lighting after 1 hour of an exposure at an average illuminance of at least 80,000 lux from the artificial lighting.
12. The electrowetting cell optic of claim 11 , wherein the preselected band comprises at least 5% of the wavelengths within the x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, or radiowave spectrums.
13. The electrowetting cell optic of claim 11 , wherein the preselected band comprises at least 10% of the wavelengths within the x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, or radiowave spectrums.
14. The electrowetting cell optic of claim 11 , wherein the conductive fluid and the non-conductive fluid have surface tensions that differ by at least 10 mN/m.
15. The electrowetting cell optic of claim 11 , wherein the non-conductive fluid has a refractive index of at least 1.55.
16. The electrowetting cell optic of claim 11 , wherein the non-conductive fluid is selected from a silicon based fluid, a polyphenyl ether, or a polyphenylene oxide.
17. The electrowetting cell optic of claim 11 , wherein:
the conductive fluid and the non-conductive fluid of the plurality of electrowetting cells are capable of providing at least 60% transmissivity with regard to the artificial lighting after 1 hour of an exposure at an average illuminance of at least 80,000 lux from the artificial lighting.
18. The electrowetting cell optic of claim 11 , wherein:
the conductive fluid and the non-conductive fluid of the plurality of electrowetting cells are capable of providing at least 75% transmissivity with regard to the artificial lighting after 1 hour of an exposure at an average illuminance of at least 80,000 lux from the artificial lighting.
19. The electrowetting cell optic of claim 11 , wherein:
the conductive fluid and the non-conductive fluid of the plurality of electrowetting cells are capable of providing at least 80% transmissivity with regard to the artificial lighting after 1 hour of an exposure at an average illuminance of at least 80,000 lux from the artificial lighting.
20. The electrowetting cell optic of claim 11 , wherein:
the plurality of electrowetting cells include:
a non-transparent substrate that includes a well filled with the conductive fluid and the non-conductive fluid;
a first plate coupled to the non-transparent substrate to seal a top of the well and form a first transparent window at one axial end of the well, the first plate residing in an optical active area through which light is transmitted or reflected; and
a second plate coupled to the substrate to seal a bottom of the well and form a second transparent cover window at an opposite axial end of the well, the second plate residing in the optical active area.