Fuel cell oxidation reduction reaction catalyst
A fuel cell oxidation reduction reaction catalyst comprising a carbon substrate, an amorphous metal oxide intermediate layer on the substrate, and an intertwined matrix of platinum and elemental niobium arranged to form a surface metal layer covering the intermediate layer such that upon oxidation, the niobium binds with oxygen resulting in strengthened bonds between the platinum and the intermediate layer.
1. A fuel cell oxidation reduction reaction catalyst comprising:
a carbon substrate;
an amorphous niobium oxide intermediate layer on the substrate; and
an intertwined matrix of platinum and elemental niobium arranged to form a surface metal layer covering the intermediate layer such that upon oxidation, the niobium binds with oxygen resulting in strengthened bonds between the platinum and the intermediate layer.
2. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the intermediate layer further comprises, tantalum oxide, molybdenum oxide, or a combination thereof.
3. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein platinum loading associated with the surface metal layer is about 3 wt. % to 50 wt. %.
4. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein platinum to elemental niobium ratio in the surface metal layer is from 7:1 to 1:7.
5. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the intertwined matrix comprises at least one layer of platinum and at least one layer of elemental niobium.
6. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the intertwined matrix comprises a plurality of platinum layers alternating with a plurality of elemental niobium layers.
7. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein an end of life mass activity of the catalyst after 25,000 cycles is about 250 A/g Pt to 500 A/g Pt at a Pt loading of about 5 wt. % to 25 wt. %.
8. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein mass activity retention of the catalyst is about 75% to 100% after 25,000 cycles.
9. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the carbon substrate comprises carbon nanofibers.
10. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the carbon substrate comprises carbon fiber cloth.
11. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the carbon substrate comprises a network of carbon fibers.
12. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the intermediate layer is arranged in the same plane as the intertwined matrix.
13. A method of forming a fuel cell oxidation reduction reaction electrocatalyst of claim 1 , the method comprising:
depositing the amorphous niobium oxide on the carbon substrate to form the intermediate layer;
sputtering elemental platinum and elemental niobium onto the intermediate layer to form the surface metal layer configured as the intertwined matrix; and
transforming at least a portion of the elemental niobium to NbOx by oxidation resulting in the strengthened bonds between the platinum and the intermediate layer.
14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising sputtering elemental platinum and elemental niobium consequentially to form discreet layers of each.
15. The method of claim 13 , further comprising sputtering the elemental platinum and the elemental niobium in a ratio of from 7:1 to 1:7.
16. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the intermediate layer further comprises, tantalum oxide, molybdenum oxide, or a combination thereof.
17. The method of claim 13 , further comprising achieving mass activity retention of the electrocatalyst of about 80% to 100% after 25,000 cycles.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the conductive metal oxide forms an amorphous layer free of a regularly repeating atomic lattice.