Compositions of nitrates and methods of use thereof
Inorganic anions nitrate and nitrite influence metabolic rate and glucose homeostasis. Infusion of nitrite iv caused an acute drop in resting energy expenditure (oxygen consumption) and nitrate, when given perorally, caused a reduction in oxygen consumption during exercise and a depression of the increase in blood glucose observed after an oral glucose tolerance test. The doses of nitrate and nitrite did not cause any detectable change in methemoglobin levels of blood. Also, nitrate and nitrite did not alter lactate levels in blood. This discovery provides useful treatments to regulate the energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis of a mammal by administration of inorganic nitrite and/or nitrate.
1. A method of reducing metabolic rate in a subject under metabolic stress, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising a supplement of inorganic nitrate (NO 3 − ) and/or inorganic nitrite (NO 2 − ).
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject under metabolic stress is an intensive care patient or a patient undergoing surgery.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is a patient suffering from malnutrition of different genesis, surgical gut anastomosis insufficiency, insufficient perfusion of the intestines, or a cancer patient with anorexia.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has burn injury or experienced trauma.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is a neonate or premature.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has a thyroid disorder.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is need of treatment for cardiac arrest or ischemia-reperfusion injury.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the ischemic-reperfusion injury is selected from the group consisting of: myocardial infarction, stroke, arterial insufficiency, and any other organ ischemia.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has anorexia nervosa.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has sleep apnea syndrome.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is need of treatment for a major systemic disease with a catabolic state.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is need of treatment for a stress ulcer.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the subject is need of treatment for a gastric ulcer.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is need of treatment for a fever or septic shock.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition consists of the supplement of inorganic nitrate and at least one additive.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the supplement of inorganic nitrate is provided from a natural nitrate source.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the natural nitrate source is juice or dried concentrate from at least one of spinach, lettuce, fennel, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, and beetroot.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the supplement of inorganic nitrate is provided as a nitrate salt.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the nitrate salt is selected from the group consisting of: sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, zinc nitrate, arginine nitrate, and nitrate ammonium.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition is administered orally.
21. The method of any one of claims 2 , 3 , 7 , and 11 , wherein the inorganic nitrate and/or inorganic nitrite is provided by juice or dried concentrate from at least one of spinach, lettuce, fennel, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, and beetroot.
22. The method of claim 3 or 7 , wherein the composition further comprises a polyphenol.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the polyphenol provided from at least one natural source selected from the group consisting of: apple, pear, grapes, lemon, orange, lime, peach, pomegranate, grapefruit, kiwi, ginger, pineapple, blackberries, black raspberries, blueberries, cranberries, red raspberries, cherries, bog wortleberry, lingonberries, black elderberry, black chokeberry, black currant, cloudberries, strawberries, carrots, chili, rhubarb, onions, cacao products, green tea, black tea, nuts, Yerba mate, and coffee.
24. The method of claim 22 , wherein the composition comprises at least 50% by weight or volume of the inorganic nitrate.
25. The method of claim 15 , wherein the at least one additive comprises non-pathogenic live bacteria and/or a probiotic yeast.
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the non-pathogenic live bacteria comprise a species selected from the group consisting of: Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, Veillonella, Staphylococcus, Actinomyces , and Rothia.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the Lactobacilli species is selected from the group consisting of: L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii, L. helveticus, L. salivarius, L. casei, L. curvatus, L. plantarum, L. sakei, L. brevis, L. buchneri, L. fermentum , and L. reuteri.
28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the Bifidobacteria species is selected from the group consisting of: B. breve, B. bifidum , and B. lactis.
29. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition has the form of a liquid, a paste, a bar, a cake, a powder, a granulate, an effervescent tablet, a chewing gum, a tablet, a capsule, a lozenge, a fast melting tablet or wafer, a sublingual tablet or a spray.
30. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition administers the inorganic nitrate at an amount of between 0.01 mmol and 10 mmol/kg body weight of the subject.
31. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition administers the inorganic nitrate at an amount of between 0.1 mmol and 1 mmol/kg body weight of the subject.
32. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition administers the inorganic nitrate at an amount of 0.1 mmol/kg body weight of the subject.
33. The method of claim 32 , wherein the composition is administered to the subject once a day.
34. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition has the form of a liquid, a paste, a bar, a cake, a powder, a granulate, an effervescent tablet, a chewing gum, a tablet, a capsule, a lozenge, a fast melting tablet or wafer, a sublingual tablet or a spray.
35. The method of claim 15 , wherein the additive is selected from the group consisting of: natural flavor, artificial flavor, sweetener, flavor enhancer, color additive, emulsifier, stabilizer, fat, and preservative.