Ice formation detection and removal system for an aerial vehicle and method
A fixed-wing aerial vehicle includes: a fuselage with an on-board power supply; at least one fixed-wing or aerodynamic surface having at least one heater configured to be energized by the power supply, and having a superhydrophobic coating applied to at least a portion of the at least one fixed-wing or the aerodynamic surface that may be subject to icing; at least one capacitive sensor configured to detect ice formation on the at least one fixed-wing or aerodynamic surface; and a controller configured to selectively activate the at least one heater in response to detected ice formation.
1. A fixed-wing aerial vehicle, comprising:
a fuselage with an on-board power supply;
at least one fixed-wing or aerodynamic surface having at least one heater configured to be energized by the power supply, and having a superhydrophobic coating applied to at least a portion of the at least one fixed-wing or the aerodynamic surface that may be subject to icing;
at least one capacitive sensor configured to detect ice formation on the at least one fixed-wing or aerodynamic surface; and
a controller configured to selectively activate the at least one heater in response to detected ice formation;
wherein the superhydrophobic coating is applied to surfaces of the fixed-wing or aerodynamic surface that are not covered by the at least one heater, which are downstream from an area where the at least one heater is located.
2. The aerial vehicle of claim 1 , wherein the at least one heater is made of carbon nanotube material.
3. The aerial vehicle of claim 2 , wherein the at least one heater is a strip that is located at a leading edge of the fixed-wing and extends the full span of the fixed-wing or less than the full span of the fixed-wing.
4. The aerial vehicle of claim 3 , wherein the at least one heater is conformal to at least the surface at the leading edge of the fixed-wing, and extends along the upper and lower surfaces of the fixed-wing.
5. The aerial vehicle of claim 3 , wherein the strip is a multi-layered, flexible laminate that includes the at least one capacitive sensor and an adhesive layer for attaching the strip to the fixed-wing or aerodynamic surface.
6. The aerial vehicle of claim 3 , wherein the heater strip occupies up to 15 percent of the surface area of the fixed-wing or the aerodynamic surface.
7. The aerial vehicle of claim 1 , wherein the portion of the fixed-wing or aerodynamic surface that the superhydrophobic coating is applied to is adjacent to and contiguous with the heater.
8. The aerial vehicle of claim 1 , wherein the portion of the fixed-wing that the superhydrophobic coating is applied to is adjacent to and contiguous with the heater and extends to the trailing edge of the fixed-wing.
9. The aerial vehicle of claim 1 , wherein the at least one heater includes a first protective layer disposed on the at least one fixed-wing or aerodynamic surface, a carbon nanomaterial layer disposed on the first protective layer, a second protective layer disposed on the carbon nanomaterial layer, and the capacitive sensor placed on top of the second protective layer.
10. The aerial vehicle of claim 1 , wherein the superhydrophobic coating prevents adhesion of water to the fixed-wing or aerodynamic surface.
11. The aerial vehicle of claim 1 , wherein the aerial vehicle is a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle.
12. A fixed-wing aerial vehicle, comprising:
a fuselage with an on-board power supply;
at least one fixed-wing or aerodynamic surface having at least one carbon nanotube heater configured to be energized by the power supply, and having a superhydrophobic coating applied to at least a portion of the at least one fixed-wing or aerodynamic surface;
a sensor configured to detect ice formation on the at least one fixed-wing or aerodynamic surface; and
a controller configured to selectively activate the at least one heater in response to detected ice formation;
wherein the superhydrophobic coating is applied to surfaces of the fixed-wing or aerodynamic surface that are not covered by the at least one carbon nanotube heater, which are downstream from an area where the at least one carbon nanotube heater is located.
13. The aerial vehicle of claim 12 , wherein the sensor is a capacitive sensor, and the carbon nanotube heater is a strip that is located at a leading edge of the fixed-wing and extends the full span of the fixed-wing or less than the full span of the fixed-wing.
14. The aerial vehicle of claim 13 , wherein the carbon nanotube heater is conformal to at least the surface at the leading edge of the fixed-wing and extends along the upper and/or lower surfaces of the fixed-wing.
15. The aerial vehicle of claim 12 , wherein the superhydrophobic coating prevents adhesion of water to the fixed-wing or aerodynamic surface.
16. The aerial vehicle of claim 12 , wherein the aerial vehicle is an unmanned aerial vehicle.
17. A method of preparing a fixed-wing aerial vehicle for ice management, the method comprising:
attaching a flexible laminate strip to a surface of a fixed-wing of the aerial vehicle at a position adjacent to a leading edge of the fixed-wing, wherein the laminate strip includes a heater and at least one capacitive sensor configured to detect ice formation on the fixed-wing; and
spraying a portion of the fixed-wing with a superhydrophobic coating so that the superhydrophobic coating is applied to surfaces of the fixed-wing or aerodynamic surface that are not covered by the heater, which are downstream from an area where the heater is located.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the spraying of the superhydrophobic coating includes covering an entire area of a top surface of the fixed-wing, from a trailing edge of the fixed-wing to an edge of the laminate strip that is located on the top surface of the fixed-wing.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the aerial vehicle is an unmanned aerial vehicle.