Graphene/graphite polymer composite foam derived from emulsions stabilized by graphene kinetic trapping
The present disclosure provides advantageous graphene/graphite stabilized composites (e.g., graphene/graphite stabilized emulsion-templated foam composites), and improved methods for fabricating such graphene/graphite stabilized composites. More particularly, the present disclosure provides improved methods for fabricating pristine, graphene/graphite/polymer composite foams derived from emulsions stabilized by graphene/graphite kinetic trapping. In exemplary embodiments, the present disclosure provides that, instead of viewing the insolubility of pristine graphene/graphite as an obstacle to be overcome, it is utilized as a means to create or fabricate water/oil emulsions, with graphene/graphite stabilizing the spheres formed. These emulsions are then the frameworks used to make foam composites that have shown bulk conductivities up to about 2 S/m, as well as compressive moduli up to about 100 MPa and breaking strengths of over 1200 psi, with densities as low as about 0.25 g/cm 3 .
1. A composite comprising:
a polymeric matrix material having an open pore foam structure, the open pore foam structure having cavities completely lined with a continuous layer of overlapping, non-oxidized, pristine graphene or graphite layers or sheets;
wherein the polymeric matrix material having the open pore foam structure having cavities lined with overlapping, non-oxidized, pristine graphene or graphite layers or sheets is electrically conductive via the overlapping, non-oxidized, pristine graphene or graphite layers or sheets.
2. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the cavities of the polymeric matrix material include substantially spherical cavities; and wherein the non-oxidized, pristine graphene or graphite completely lining the cavities include overlapping individual sheets or layers of non-oxidized, pristine graphene or graphite.
3. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric matrix material has a bulk conductivity of about 2 S/m, a compressive modulus of about 100 MPa, and a breaking strength of at least about 1200 psi., and a density of about 0.25 g/cm 3 .
4. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric matrix material has a density of about 0.25 g/cm 3 .
5. The composite of claim 1 , wherein a conductive coating is formed on at least a portion of the cavities of the polymeric matrix material.
6. The composite of claim 5 , wherein the conductive coating is formed from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate).
7. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric matrix defines a nanocomposite.
8. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric matrix material defines a hollow nanocomposite, and wherein a conductive polymer is infused into the hollow nanocomposite.
9. The composite of claim 8 , wherein the conductive polymer is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate).
10. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric matrix material is formed from a monomer and a cross-linking agent.
11. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the open foam structure of the polymeric matrix material is effective to absorb oil.
12. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the continuous layer of overlapping, non-oxidized, pristine graphene or graphite layers or sheets is at the surface of the cavities.
13. A composite comprising:
a polymeric matrix material having an open pore foam structure, the open pore foam structure having cavities completely lined with a continuous layer of overlapping, non-oxidized, pristine graphene or graphite layers or sheets;
wherein the polymeric matrix material having the open pore foam structure having cavities completely lined with overlapping, non-oxidized, pristine graphene or graphite layers or sheets is electrically conductive via the overlapping, non-oxidized, pristine graphene or graphite layers or sheets; and
wherein the polymeric matrix material is formed from monomers selected from the group consisting of styrene, isoprene, butyl methacrylate, divinylbenzene, methyl acrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, and butyl acrylate.
14. The composite of claim 13 , wherein the continuous layer of overlapping, non-oxidized, pristine graphene or graphite layers or sheets is at the surface of the cavities.