Double wall supercritical carbon dioxide turboexpander
The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods generating power using supercritical CO 2 in a Brayton cycle that incorporates a double-wall turboexpander that includes an inner chamber housing the turbine and an outer chamber that includes a thermal attenuator that reduces the outer chamber wall temperature of the turboexpander. An inner chamber wall separates the inner chamber and the outer chamber within the double-wall turboexpander. In supercritical CO 2 applications, the double-wall turboexpander operates at elevated temperatures and elevated pressures. By maintaining the thermal attenuator the outer chamber at an elevated pressure, the differential pressure across the inner chamber wall is reduced, requiring less high-temperature alloy material in the construction of the double-wall turboexpander when compared to a conventional turboexpander. By reducing the operating temperature of the outer chamber wall, a less costly lower-temperature alloy may be used to provide structural strength to the double-wall turboexpander.
1. A supercritical CO 2 -based energy generation system, comprising:
a heat source to provide supercritical CO 2 at a first temperature T1 and a first pressure P1;
a double walled supercritical CO 2 turboexpander that includes:
an inner chamber housing an expansion turbine, the inner chamber to receive the supercritical CO 2 at the first temperature T1 and the first pressure P1 and discharge the supercritical CO 2 at a second temperature T2 and a second pressure P2;
a closed outer chamber at least partially surrounding the inner chamber, wherein the closed outer chamber contains a solid thermal attenuator and is configured such that a third pressure P3 within the closed outer chamber is between at or above ambient pressure and at or below P1, and the solid thermal attenuator is configured to maintain the outer chamber wall at or below a third temperature T3, wherein T3 is less than T1;
an inner chamber wall having a first thickness and which fluidly isolates the inner chamber and the outer chamber; and
an outer chamber wall having a second thickness and which fluidly isolates the outer chamber from an ambient environment about the turboexpander;
a thermal energy exchanger fluidly coupled to the inner chamber to receive supercritical CO 2 at the second temperature T2 and the second pressure P2 and cool the supercritical CO 2 ;
a supercritical CO 2 compressor fluidly coupled to the thermal recovery system to receive the cooled supercritical CO 2 , the supercritical CO 2 compressor to provide compressed supercritical CO 2 at an elevated pressure;
an energy generator operably coupled to the double walled supercritical CO 2 turboexpander to receive a shaft work input from the double walled supercritical CO 2 turboexpander;
wherein:
T2 is less than T1;
P2 is less than P1; and
T1 is less than or equal to 1000° C.;
P1 is greater than or equal to 150 Bar;
T2 is greater than or equal to 300° C.; and
P2 is less than or equal to 250 Bar.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein the solid thermal attenuator is a flexible, semi-rigid, or rigid insulator.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein the supercritical CO 2 compressor fluidly couples to the thermal energy exchanger such that the temperature of the supercritical CO 2 received from the double walled supercritical CO 2 turboexpander is decreased and the temperature of the compressed supercritical CO 2 received from the supercritical CO 2 compressor is increased.
4. The system of claim 1 :
wherein the first thickness is determined, based at least in part, on the first temperature T1 and a first differential pressure measured transversely across the inner chamber wall, the first differential pressure measured as the difference between P1 and P3;
wherein the second thickness is determined, based at least in part, on the third temperature T3 and a second differential pressure measured transversely across the outer chamber wall, the second differential pressure measured as the difference between the P3 and an ambient pressure of an ambient environment surrounding the double walled supercritical CO 2 turboexpander.
5. The system of claim 4 wherein the first thickness is less than the second thickness.
6. The system of claim 5 , wherein:
the first differential pressure is less than 1000 pounds per square inch gauge; and
the second differential pressure is greater than 1500 pounds per square inch gauge.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein:
T1 is greater than 800° C.;
T2 is greater than 500° C.; and
T3 is less than 500° C.
8. The system of claim 1 :
wherein the inner chamber wall comprises a first material selected from a nickel containing alloy, titanium, a titanium containing alloy, and a cobalt containing alloy; and
wherein the outer chamber wall comprises a second material that differs from the first material, and is selected from an austenitic stainless steel, a nickel containing alloy, titanium, a titanium containing alloy, and a cobalt containing alloy.
9. The system of claim 1 :
wherein the inner chamber wall comprises a wall having a first thickness of from 2 inches to 4 inches; and
wherein the outer chamber wall comprises a wall having a second thickness of from 2 inches to 7 inches.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the solid thermal attenuator comprises fiberglass, mineral wool, calcium-silicate, aerogel, or a combination of two or more thereof.
11. A method for expanding supercritical CO 2 to produce shaft work using a double-wall turboexpander, the method comprising:
flowing supercritical CO 2 at a first temperature T1 and a first pressure P1 through a continuous, fluid-tight, inner chamber that includes a supercritical CO 2 expansion turbine;
removing the supercritical CO 2 at a second temperature T2 and a second pressure P2 from the inner chamber;
wherein:
T2 is less than T1;
P2 is less than P1;
T1 is less than or equal to 1000° C.;
P1 is greater than or equal to 150 Bar;
T2 is greater than or equal to 300° C.; and
P2 is less than or equal to 250 Bar;
contemporaneous with flowing the supercritical CO 2 at the first temperature T1 and the first pressure P1 through the continuous, fluid-tight, inner chamber, attenuating at least a portion of the thermal energy from the supercritical CO 2 such that:
an outer chamber wall of a closed outer chamber is maintained at or below a third temperature T3, wherein T3 is less than T1 the third temperature is less than the first temperature; and
a pressure P3 of the closed outer chamber is between at or above ambient pressure and at or below P1; and
wherein at least a portion of the inner chamber and at least portion of the closed outer chamber are formed by opposite sides of an inner chamber wall that includes a first material having a first thickness selected based, at least in part, on T1;
wherein the outer chamber wall includes a second material having a second thickness that is selected based, at least in part, on T3; and
wherein the closed outer chamber comprises a solid thermal attenuator.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the solid thermal attenuator is a flexible, semi-rigid, or rigid insulator.
13. The method of claim 11 wherein:
the first thickness is selected based, at least in part, on T1 and a first differential pressure measured transversely across the inner chamber wall; and
the first differential pressure is a difference between P1 and P3.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein:
the second thickness is selected based, at least in part, on T3 and a second differential pressure measured transversely across the outer chamber wall; and
the second differential pressure is a difference between P3 and an ambient pressure surrounding the double-wall turboexpander.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first differential pressure is less than 1000 pounds per square inch gauge.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the second differential pressure is greater than 1500 pounds per square inch gauge.
17. The method of claim 14 wherein: the first thickness ranges from about 2 inches to about 4 inches; and the second thickness ranges from about 2 inches to about 7 inches.
18. The method of claim 11 , wherein the solid thermal attenuator comprises fiberglass, mineral wool, calcium-silicate, aerogel, or a combination of two or more thereof.
19. A double-wall turboexpander, comprising:
an expansion turbine disposed in a continuous, fluid-tight, inner chamber, the inner chamber to:
receive supercritical CO 2 at a first temperature T1 and a first pressure P1; and
discharge supercritical CO 2 at a second temperature T2 and a second pressure P2, wherein
T2 is less than T1; and
P2 is less than P1;
T1 is less than or equal to 1000° C.;
P1 is greater than or equal to 150 Bar; and
T2 is greater than or equal to 300° C.;
an inner chamber wall forming at least a portion of the perimeter of the continuous, fluid-tight, inner chamber;
wherein the inner chamber wall includes a first material having a first thickness selected based, at least in part, on T1;
an outer chamber wall spaced apart from the inner chamber wall to form a closed outer chamber between the inner chamber wall and the outer chamber wall forming at least a portion of the double-wall turboexpander, the closed outer chamber to:
attenuate at least a portion of the thermal energy from the supercritical CO 2 sufficient to maintain the outer chamber wall of the closed outer chamber at or below a third temperature T3; with a pressure P3 of the closed outer chamber between at or above ambient pressure and at or below P1;
wherein the outer chamber wall includes a second material having a second thickness selected, based at least in part, on T3, and the closed outer chamber comprises a solid thermal attenuator.
20. The double-wall turboexpander of claim 19 , wherein the solid thermal attenuator comprises fiberglass, mineral wool, calcium-silicate, aerogel, or a combination of two or more thereof.