Electro-conductive member, process cartridge and image forming apparatus
Provided an electro-conductive member that can be used as a charging member capable of preventing the emergence of a ghost image. The member comprises an electro-conductive support and an electro-conductive layer, the electro-conductive layer has a matrix including a first cross-linked rubber, and domains, the domains each includes a second cross-linked rubber and an electronically conductive agent, at least some of the domains are exposed to an outer surface of the member to constitute protrusions, the outer surface is constituted by the matrix and the exposed domains, and in a double logarithmic plot with a frequency on the abscissa and an impedance on the ordinate, a slope at a frequency of 1.0×10 5 Hz to 1.0×10 6 Hz is −0.8 to −0.3, and an impedance at a frequency of 1.0×10 −2 Hz to 1.0×10 1 Hz is 1.0×10 3 to 1.0×10 7 Ω.
1. An electro-conductive member for electrophotography comprising
a support having an electro-conductive outer surface, and
an electro-conductive layer on the outer surface of the support,
the electro-conductive layer having a matrix comprising a first cross-linked rubber, and domains dispersed in the matrix,
the domains each comprising a second cross-linked rubber and an electronically conductive agent,
at least some of the domains being exposed to an outer surface of the electro-conductive member to constitute protrusions on an outer surface of the electro-conductive member,
the outer surface of the electro-conductive member being constituted by the matrix and the domains exposed to the outer surface of the electro-conductive member, wherein
in a double logarithmic plot with a frequency on the abscissa and an impedance on the ordinate, a slope at a frequency of 1.0×10 5 Hz to 1.0×10 6 Hz is −0.8 or more and −0.3 or less, and an impedance at a frequency of 1.0×10 −2 Hz to 1.0×10 1 Hz is 1.0×10 3 to 1.0×10 7 Ω, the impedance being measured by applying an alternating-current voltage with an amplitude of 1 V to between the outer surface of the support and a platinum electrode directly provided on the outer surface of the electro-conductive member while varying the frequency between 1.0×10 −2 Hz and 1.0×10 7 Hz in an environment involving a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50%.
2. The electro-conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the electro-conductive layer is disposed directly on the outer surface of the support.
3. The electro-conductive member according to claim 1 , further comprising an electro-conductive resin layer between the electro-conductive layer and the outer surface of the support, wherein an impedance at a frequency of 1.0×10 −2 Hz to 1.0×10 1 Hz is 1.0×10 −5 to 1.0×10 2 Ω, the impedance being measured by applying an alternating-current voltage with an amplitude of 1 V to between the outer surface of the support and a platinum electrode directly provided on a surface of the resin layer opposed to a surface facing the support, while varying the frequency between 1.0×10 −2 Hz and 1.0×10 7 Hz in an environment involving a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50%.
4. The electro-conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein a volume resistivity of the matrix is larger than 1.0×10 12 Ω·cm and 1.0×10 17 Ω·cm or smaller.
5. The electro-conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein arithmetic mean value Dm of inter-domain surface distances is 0.2 μm or more and 2.0 μm or less.
6. The electro-conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the protrusions each has a height of 50 nm or larger and 200 nm or smaller.
7. The electro-conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein arithmetic mean value Dms of inter-surface distances of the domains by which the protrusions are constituted, the inter-surface distances being measured at the outer surface of the electro-conductive member, is 2.0 μm or less.
8. The electro-conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the support is a cylindrical support, and the electro-conductive layer is disposed on the outer periphery of the cylindrical support.
9. The electro-conductive member for electrophotography according to claim 8 , wherein
assuming that three cross sections of the electro-conductive layer in a thickness direction thereof at a center in the longitudinal direction of the electro-conductive layer, and L/4 from both ends of the electro-conductive layer toward the center, are obtained, where L represents a length of the electro-conductive layer in the longitudinal direction of the cylindrical support, and
assuming that at the each of the cross sections, three square observation areas each having 15 μm a side, are arbitrary placed in a thickness region from 0.1 T to 0.9 T in depth from the outer surface of the electro-conductive layer, where T represents a thickness of the electro-conductive layer,
80% by number or more of domains observed in each of the nine square observation regions, satisfy the following requirement (1) and requirement (2):
Requirement (1): a ratio of a total sum of cross-sectional areas of the electronically conductive agent contained in a domain to be measured to a cross-sectional area of the domain is 20% or more; and
Requirement (2): A/B is 1.00 or more and 1.10 or less, where A is a perimeter of the domain, and B is an envelope perimeter of the domain.
10. The electro-conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the electronically conductive agent is electro-conductive carbon black.
11. The electro-conductive member according to claim 10 , wherein the electro-conductive carbon black has DBP absorption of 40 cm 3 /100 g or more and 170 cm 3 /100 g or less.
12. The electro-conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein when an arithmetic mean value of circle-equivalent diameters of the domains is defined as D and standard deviation of a distribution of the D is defined as ad, coefficient of variation σd/D of the circle-equivalent diameters of the domains is 0 or more and 0.4 or less.
13. The electro-conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein when an arithmetic mean value of the inter-domain surface distances is defined as Dm and standard deviation of a distribution of the Dm is defined as σm, coefficient of variation σm/Dm of the inter-domain surface distances is 0 or more and 0.4 or less.
14. The electro-conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein when a mean value of ratios of cross-sectional areas of moieties of the conductive agent contained in the domains, respectively, appearing in a cross section in the thickness direction of the electro-conductive layer to respective cross-sectional areas of the domains is defined as μr and standard deviation of the ratios is defined as σr, coefficient of variation σr/μr of the ratios of the cross-sectional areas of the moieties of the conductive agent is 0 or more and 0.4 or less.
15. The electro-conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the electro-conductive member is a charging member.
16. The electro-conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the electro-conductive member is a transfer member.
17. A process cartridge configured to be detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic image forming apparatus, comprising an electro-conductive member,
the electro-conductive member having
a support having an electro-conductive outer surface and
an electro-conductive layer on the outer surface of the support,
the electro-conductive layer having a matrix comprising a first cross-linked rubber, and domains dispersed in the matrix,
the domains each comprising a second cross-linked rubber and an electronically conductive agent,
at least some of the domains being exposed to an outer surface of the electro-conductive member to constitute protrusions on an outer surface of the electro-conductive member,
the outer surface of the electro-conductive member being constituted by the matrix and the domains exposed to the outer surface of the electro-conductive member, wherein
in a double logarithmic plot with a frequency on the abscissa and an impedance on the ordinate, a slope at a frequency of 1.0×10 5 Hz to 1.0×10 6 Hz is −0.8 or more and −0.3 or less, and an impedance at a frequency of 1.0×10 −2 Hz to 1.0×10 1 Hz is 1.0×10 3 to 1.0×10 7 Ω,
the impedance being measured by applying an alternating-current voltage with an amplitude of 1 V to between the outer surface of the support and a platinum electrode directly provided on the outer surface of the electro-conductive member while varying the frequency between 1.0×10 −2 Hz and 1.0×10 7 Hz in an environment involving a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50%.
18. The process cartridge according to claim 17 , wherein the electro-conductive member is included as a charging member.
19. An electrophotographic image forming apparatus comprising an electro-conductive member for electrophotography,
the electro-conductive member having
a support having an electro-conductive outer surface and
an electro-conductive layer on the outer surface of the support, wherein
the electro-conductive layer having a matrix comprising a first cross-linked rubber, and domains dispersed in the matrix,
the domains each comprising a second cross-linked rubber and an electronically conductive agent,
at least some of the domains being exposed to an outer surface of the electro-conductive member to constitute protrusions on an outer surface of the electro-conductive member,
the outer surface of the electro-conductive member being constituted by the matrix and the domains exposed to the outer surface of the electro-conductive member, wherein
in a double logarithmic plot with a frequency on the abscissa and an impedance on the ordinate, a slope at a frequency of 1.0×10 5 Hz to 1.0×10 6 Hz is −0.8 or more and −0.3 or less, and an impedance at a frequency of 1.0×10 −2 Hz to 1.0×10 1 Hz is 1.0×10 3 to 1.0×10 7 Ω,
the impedance being measured by applying an alternating-current voltage with an amplitude of 1 V to between the outer surface of the support and a platinum electrode directly provided on the outer surface of the electro-conductive member while varying the frequency between 1.0×10 −2 Hz and 1.0×10 7 Hz in an environment involving a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50%.
20. The electrophotographic image forming apparatus according to claim 19 , wherein the electro-conductive member is included as at least one of a charging member and a transfer member.