Methods of producing a gas at a variable rate

1. A method of producing a gas, the method comprising:

dynamically mixing dry particles comprising a precursor and dry particles comprising a proton-generating species to produce the gas;

wherein the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed for a first amount of time, after which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are static for a second amount of time, and after the second amount of time the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed for a third amount of time;

wherein the gas is produced at a rate that is controlled by controlling the first amount of time for which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, the second amount of time for which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are static, and the third amount of time for which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed;

wherein the dry precursor particles comprise a chlorine dioxide precursor and the gas comprises chlorine dioxide; the dry precursor particles comprise a carbon dioxide precursor and the gas comprises carbon dioxide; or a combination thereof; and

wherein when the gas is chlorine dioxide 80% or more of the precursor is converted to the gas.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chlorine dioxide precursor comprises a chlorine dioxide-producing compound selected from the group consisting of a metal chlorite, a metal chlorate, chloric acid, hypochlorous acid, and combinations thereof.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the dry particles comprising the precursor further comprise a porous carrier selected from the group consisting of zeolite crystals, silica, pumice, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, and clay, and the precursor is impregnated in the porous carrier;

the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species further comprise a porous carrier selected from the group consisting of zeolite crystals, silica, pumice, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, and clay, and the proton-generating species is impregnated in the porous carrier; or

a combination thereof.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dry particles comprising the precursor include from 1% to 50% by weight of the precursor, wherein the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species include from 1% to 50% by weight of the proton-generating species, or a combination thereof.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the proton-generating species comprises an organic acid and/or an inorganic acid selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, propionic acid, sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the proton-generating species comprises a metal salt selected from the group consisting of ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, CaCl 2 , ZnSO 4 , ZnCl 2 , CoSO 4 , CoCl 2 , MnSO 4 , MnCl 2 , CuSO 4 , CuCl 2 , MgSO 4 , sodium acetate, sodium citrate, sodium sulfate, sodium bisulfate, hydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, and combinations thereof.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dry particles comprising the precursor and dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed in a mixer selected from the group consisting of a tumbler, a vibratory mixer, a rotary mixer, a marinator mixer, and a stirrer.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein after the second amount of time a second amount of dry particles comprising the precursor are provided and the second amount of dry particles comprising the precursor are dynamically mixed with the first amount of the dry particles comprising the precursor and dry particles comprising the proton-generating species for the third amount of time, and wherein the rate at which the gas is produced is further controlled by controlling the second amount of dry particles comprising the precursor.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein after the second amount of time a second amount of dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are provided and the second amount of dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed with the first amount of the dry particles comprising the precursor and dry particles comprising the proton-generating species for the third amount of time, and wherein the rate at which the gas is produced is further controlled by controlling the second amount of dry particles comprising the proton-generating species.

10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising milling, crushing, abrading, or a combination thereof the dry particles comprising the precursor and dry particles comprising the proton-generating species.

11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising dynamically mixing an abrasive particle, a deliquescent, a desiccant, or a combination thereof with the dry particles comprising the precursor and dry particles comprising the proton-generating species.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rate at which the gas is produced is further controlled by controlling the rate at which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed during the first amount of time.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rate at which the gas is produced is further controlled by controlling the rate at which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed during the third amount of time.