Vapor cells having one or more optical windows bonded to a dielectric body
In a general aspect, a vapor cell is presented that includes a dielectric body. The dielectric body has a surface that defines an opening to a cavity in the dielectric body. The vapor cell also includes a vapor or a source of the vapor in the cavity of the dielectric body. An optical window covers the opening of the cavity and has a surface bonded to the surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around the opening. The seal includes metal-oxygen bonds formed by reacting a first plurality of hydroxyl ligands on the surface of the dielectric body with a second plurality of hydroxyl ligands on the surface of the optical window.
1. A vapor cell, comprising:
a dielectric body comprising a surface that defines an opening to a cavity in the dielectric body;
an adhesion layer on the surface of the dielectric body and surrounding the opening of the cavity, the adhesion layer having an exterior surface opposite the surface of the dielectric body and comprising silicon oxide;
a vapor or a source of the vapor in the cavity of the dielectric body; and
an optical window covering the opening of the cavity and having a surface bonded to the exterior surface of the adhesion layer to form a seal around the opening, the seal comprising metal-oxygen bonds formed by reacting a first plurality of hydroxyl ligands on the exterior surface of the adhesion layer with a second plurality of hydroxyl ligands on the surface of the optical window.
2. The vapor cell of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric body is formed of silicon.
3. The vapor cell of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric body is formed of a glass comprising silicon oxide.
4. The vapor cell of claim 1 , wherein the metal-oxygen bonds comprise siloxane bonds.
5. The vapor cell of claim 1 , wherein the optical window comprises silicon oxide.
6. The vapor cell of claim 1 , wherein the vapor comprises a gas of alkali-metal atoms.
7. The vapor cell of claim 1 , wherein the vapor comprises a noble gas.
8. The vapor cell of claim 1 , wherein the vapor comprises a gas of diatomic halogen molecules.
9. The vapor cell of claim 1 , wherein the vapor comprises a gas of organic molecules.
10. The vapor cell of claim 1 ,
wherein the source of the vapor resides in the cavity of the dielectric body; and
wherein the source of the vapor comprises a liquid or solid source of alkali-metal atoms configured to generate a gas of the alkali-metal atoms when heated.
11. The vapor cell of claim 1 , wherein the surface of the dielectric body and the surface of the optical window have a surface roughness, R a , no greater than 1 nm.
12. A vapor cell having at least two optical windows, the vapor cell comprising:
a dielectric body comprising:
a cavity in the dielectric body,
a first surface that defines a first opening to the cavity, and
a second surface that defines a second opening to the cavity;
an adhesion layer on the second surface of the dielectric body and surrounding the second opening of the cavity, the adhesion layer having an exterior surface opposite the second surface of the dielectric body and comprising silicon oxide;
a vapor or a source of the vapor in the cavity of the dielectric body;
a first optical window covering the first opening of the cavity and having a surface bonded to the first surface of the dielectric body to form a first seal around the first opening; and
a second optical window covering the second opening of the cavity and having a surface bonded to the exterior surface of the adhesion layer to form a second seal around the second opening, the second seal comprising metal-oxygen bonds formed by reacting a first plurality of hydroxyl ligands on the exterior surface of the adhesion layer with a second plurality of hydroxyl ligands on the surface of the second optical window.
13. The vapor cell of claim 12 , wherein the dielectric body is formed of silicon.
14. The vapor cell of claim 12 , wherein the dielectric body is formed of a glass comprising silicon oxide.
15. The vapor cell of claim 12 , wherein the metal-oxygen bonds of the second seal comprise siloxane bonds.
16. The vapor cell of claim 12 , wherein the first and second optical windows comprise silicon oxide.
17. The vapor cell of claim 12 , wherein the vapor comprises a gas of alkali-metal atoms.
18. The vapor cell of claim 12 , wherein the vapor comprises a noble gas.
19. The vapor cell of claim 12 , wherein the vapor comprises a gas of diatomic halogen molecules.
20. The vapor cell of claim 12 , wherein the vapor comprises a gas of organic molecules.
21. The vapor cell of claim 12 ,
wherein the source of the vapor resides in the cavity of the dielectric body; and
wherein the source of the vapor comprises a liquid or solid source of alkali-metal atoms configured to generate a gas of the alkali-metal atoms when heated.
22. The vapor cell of claim 12 , wherein the second surface of the dielectric body and the surface of the second optical window have a surface roughness, R a , no greater than 1 nm.
23. The vapor cell of claim 12 ,
wherein the first and second surfaces of the dielectric body are planar surfaces opposite each other; and
wherein the surface of the first optical window and the surface of second optical window are planar surfaces.
24. The vapor cell of claim 12 , wherein the first seal comprises metal-oxygen bonds formed by reacting a third plurality of hydroxyl ligands on the first surface of the dielectric body with a fourth plurality of hydroxyl ligands on the surface of the first optical window.
25. The vapor cell of claim 12 , wherein the dielectric body is formed of silicon and the first optical window comprises silicon oxide.
26. The vapor cell of claim 25 , wherein the first seal comprises an anodic bond between the first surface of the dielectric body and the surface of the first optical window.
27. The vapor cell of claim 12 ,
wherein the dielectric body is formed of a glass comprising silicon oxide and the first optical window comprises silicon oxide;
wherein the vapor cell comprises a layer of silicon disposed between the first surface of the dielectric body and the surface of the first optical window; and
wherein the first seal comprises an anodic bond between the layer of silicon and one or both of the first surface of the dielectric body and the surface of the first optical window.
28. The vapor cell of claim 12 ,
wherein the dielectric body is formed of a glass comprising silicon oxide and the first optical window comprises silicon oxide; and
wherein the vapor cell comprises a fired layer of glass frit bonding the first surface of the dielectric body to the surface of the first optical window, the fired layer of glass frit defining the first seal.