Soil and water remediation method and apparatus for treatment of recalcitrant halogenated substances
Disclosed are methods, apparatuses and systems for the remediation of contaminated soils, groundwater, water, and/or waste using a combination of reagents. The disclosed methods may be used to treat various recalcitrant halogenated substances, such as perfluoroalkyls and polyfluoroalkyls. Particular combinations of reagents that may be used in the disclosed methods include but are not limited to: (1) persulfate, oxygen and ozone; (2) persulfate, salt, oxygen and ozone; (3) persulfate, phosphate, and/or oxygen; (4) persulfate, phosphate, oxygen and ozone; (5) persulfate, phosphate, salt and oxygen (6) persulfate, phosphate, salt, oxygen and ozone; (7) oxygen and salt; and (8) air and salt. The disclosed methods may enhance destruction of organic contaminants in the liquid phase and may also control the rate of aerosol or foam formation relative to the rate of chemical oxidation and/or reduction/transfer.
1. A method of removing poly and/or per fluorinated alkyl hydrocarbons (PFAS) from water, the method comprising:
passing gaseous bubbles through an aqueous phase contaminated with a contaminant comprising PFAS;
transferring the contaminant to a foam;
irradiating the foam with ultraviolet light; and
destroying the contaminant.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the aqueous phase further comprises an oligosaccharide.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the oligosaccharide comprises cyclodextrin.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the contaminant is oxidized by adding an oxidizing agent.
5. The method of claim 4 comprising adding at least one of oxygen, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, inorganic peroxides, persulfate, permanganate and percarbonate to the water.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the contaminant is reduced by adding a reducing agent.
7. The method of claim 6 comprising adding at least one of cyclodextrin, hydrogen, iron, zero valent iron, ferrous sulfate, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, dithionate, thiosulfate, iodinites, hydrogen peroxide, oxalic acid formic acid, ascorbic acid, vitamin B12, reducing sugars, sulfites, phosphites and hypophosphites to the water.
8. The method of claim 1 comprising adding an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent sequentially.
9. The method of claim 1 comprising adding an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent simultaneously.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the gaseous bubbles comprise at least one of ozone, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen and air.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the gaseous bubbles comprise microbubbles or nanobubbles.
12. The method of claim 1 further comprising hydrodynamic cavitation.
13. The method of claim 1 comprising adding a salt to the aqueous phase.
14. The method of claim 1 comprising introducing at least one of an activator, a catalyst, a complexing agent, a surfactant, and a co-solvent to the aqueous phase.