Densifying a nanofiber forest
A nanofiber forest is described that has been processed to increase a number of nanofibers per unit area (referred to as “areal density” or, equivalently, “density”) compared to the nanofiber forest in its as-synthesized state. This increase in areal density is accomplished by physically manipulating a deformable substrate on which the nanofiber forest is disposed. At a high level, this physical manipulation begins by transferring the nanofiber forest from a growth substrate to a deformable substrate. A surface area of the deformable substrate is reduced relative to a surface area of the substrate when the nanofiber forest was attached. This reduction in area causes the nanofibers in the forest to move closer to one another, thus increasing the number of nanofibers per unit area.
1. A method comprising:
providing an elastically deformable substrate having a surface with a first surface area in a first relaxed state;
elastically deforming the elastically deformable substrate to a stretched state in which the surface has a second surface area greater than the first surface area;
disposing a nanofiber forest on the surface of the elastically deformable substrate in the stretched state having the second surface area; and
increasing an areal density of a nanofiber forest by allowing the elastically deformable substrate to relax into a second relaxed state having a third surface area that is less than the second surface area,
wherein elastically deforming the elastically deformable substrate comprises applying an isotropic stress to the elastically deformable substrate.
2. A method comprising:
providing an elastically deformable substrate having a surface with a first surface area in a first relaxed state;
elastically deforming the elastically deformable substrate to a stretched state in which the surface has a second surface area greater than the first surface area;
disposing a nanofiber forest on the surface of the elastically deformable substrate in the stretched state having the second surface area; and
increasing an areal density of a nanofiber forest by allowing the elastically deformable substrate to relax into a second relaxed state having a third surface area that is less than the second surface area, wherein increasing the areal density of the nanofiber forest comprises more than doubling the areal density.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising removing the nanofiber forest from the elastically deformable substrate after altering the areal density of the nanofiber forest.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the elastically deformable substrate is deformed isotropically and is released anisotropically.
5. A method comprising:
providing an elastically deformable substrate having a surface with a first surface area in a first relaxed state;
elastically deforming the elastically deformable substrate to a stretched state in which the surface has a second surface area greater than the first surface area;
disposing a nanofiber forest on the surface of the elastically deformable substrate in the stretched state having the second surface area; and
increasing an areal density of a nanofiber forest by allowing the elastically deformable substrate to relax into a second relaxed state having a third surface area that is less than the second surface area,
wherein disposing the nanofiber forest on the surface of the elastically deformable substrate comprises adhering the nanofiber forest to the elastically deformable substrate in the stretched state with a flowable adhesive,
wherein the flowable adhesive responds to an applied stress by flowing to relax the applied stress.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein adhering the nanofiber forest to the elastically deformable substrate further comprises placing one of open ends or tangled ends of nanofibers of the nanofiber forest in contact with the flowable adhesive.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the flowable adhesive comprises a continuous layer of flowable adhesive in both of the first relaxed state and the stretched state.
8. The method of claim 5 , wherein the flowable adhesive is a polymer adhesive in a solvent.
9. The method claim 5 , wherein the surface is planar, cylindrical or spherical.
10. The method of claim 5 , wherein disposing the nanofiber forest on the elastically deformable substrate further comprises orienting the nanofiber forest so that a longitudinal axis of a straight portion of nanofibers of the nanofiber forest is approximately perpendicular to a plane of the surface.