Determining stereoisomeric excess, concentration and absolute configuration

1. An analytical method comprising:

providing a sample potentially containing a chiral analyte that can exist in stereoisomeric forms;

providing (i) a racemic mixture of a stereodynamic ligand having the formula A′R′ p Y′ q , wherein:

A′ is a chiral moiety that undergoes rapid stereoisomeric interconversion,

each R′ is independently a metal coordinating moiety,

each Y′ is independently a displaceable moiety, and

p and q are each independently an integer from 0 to 6, wherein the sum of p and q is from 1 to 6; or

(ii) a stereodynamic ligand having the formula A′R′ p Y′ q , wherein:

A′ is an achiral moiety capable of populating one or more chiral conformations or chiral configurations in the presence of the analyte,

each R′ is independently a metal coordinating moiety,

each Y′ is independently a displaceable moiety, and

p and q are each independently an integer from 0 to 6, wherein the sum of p and q is from 1 to 6;

providing a metal complex having the formula MR r Y s , wherein:

M is a metal,

each R is independently a metal coordinating ligand,

each Y is independently a displaceable ligand, and

r and s are each independently an integer from 0 to 6, wherein the sum of r and s is from 0 to 6;

contacting the sample with the stereodynamic ligand and the metal complex under conditions effective to form probe-analyte complexes; and

determining, based on the probe-analyte complexes that form, the stereoisomeric excess of the analyte in the sample, and/or the concentration of the analyte in the sample, and/or the absolute configuration of the analyte in the sample.

2. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein the stereodynamic ligand is monodentate and p is 1 and/or Y′ is monodentate and/or Y is monodentate.

3. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein the stereodynamic ligand is polydentate and p is an integer from 2 to 6 and/or Y′ is polydentate and/or Y is polydentate.

4. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein at least one stereodynamic ligand is charged and/or at least one Y′ is charged and/or at least one Y is charged.

5. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein at least one stereodynamic ligand is neutral and/or at least one Y′ is neutral and/or at least one Y is neutral.

6. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein each Y′ is independently a proton or absent.

7. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein M is selected from the group consisting of palladium, magnesium, boron, aluminum, copper, zinc, iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, gold, titanium, vanadium, manganese, and chromium.

8. The analytical method according to claim 7 , wherein MR r Y s is selected from the group consisting of Pd(NCCH 3 ) 2 , B(OMe) 3 , Et 2 Zn, Mg(Ot-Bu) 2 , Zn(OTf) 2 , Al(Oi-Pr) 3 , 2-formyl-4-methoxyphenyl boronic acid, and cobalt salts.

9. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein each Y is independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, NH 2 , NCCH 3 , CF 3 SO 3 − , alkyls, alkenyls, alkynyls, halogens, halides, halogen-containing anions, haloalkyls, haloalkenyls, hydroxyls, alcohols, hydrides, carbonyls, aldehydes, carbonate esters, carboxylates, carboxyls, esters, alkoxyls, alkoxides, ethers, hemiacetals, hemiketals, acetals, ketals, orthoesters, orthocarbonate esters, amides, amines, imines, imides, azides, diimides, cyanates, cyanides, nitrates, nitriles, nitrites, nitrosos, pyridyls, thiols, thioethers, disulfides, sulfoxides, sulfones, sulfonates, thiocyanates, thiones, phosphines, phosphoric acids, phosphates, aryls, heteroaryls, arylalkyls, heterocycles, cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, phenols, phenolates, and acyls.

10. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein the probe-analyte complex has the formula L x M y X z , wherein:

L is the stereodynamic ligand,

M is the metal,

X is the analyte, and

x, y, and z are each independently an integer from 1 to 5.

11. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein a racemic mixture of a stereodynamic ligand having the formula A′R′ p Y′ q is provided and wherein A′ is a chiral moiety that undergoes rapid stereoisomeric interconversion.

12. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein a stereodynamic ligand having the formula A′R′ p Y′ q is provided, wherein A′ is a an achiral moiety capable of populating one or more chiral conformations or chiral configurations in the presence of the analyte, and wherein the stereoisomeric excess of the analyte in the sample and the concentration of the analyte in the sample are determined.

13. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein:

(a) the stereodynamic ligand is a tropos ligand; or

(b) the stereodynamic ligand is selected from the group consisting of diamines, dicarboxylic acids, diols, diimines, diphosphines, and analogues of each of the preceding compounds; or

(c) the stereodynamic ligand is a meso ligand.

14. The analytical method according to claim 13 , wherein:

(a) the stereodynamic ligand is selected from the group consisting of 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (DPPF), 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)diphenyl ether (BDPDE), 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-biphenyl (BIPHEP), BIPHOS, 2,2′-diaminobiphenyls, 2,2′-dihydroxybiphenyls, biphenols, binaphthols, and analogues of each of the preceding compounds; or

(b) the stereodynamic ligand is selected from the group consisting of bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (DPPE), meso 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, and meso tartaric acid; or

(c) the stereodynamic ligand is a meso salen or analogue thereof.

15. The analytical method according to claim 14 , wherein:

(a) the stereodynamic ligand is selected from the group consisting of DPPF, BDPDE, 2,2′-biphenol, 1,1′-dihydroxy-2,2′-binaphthalene, and bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)methanone; or

(b) the stereodynamic ligand is DPPE; or

(c) the stereodynamic ligand is

16. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein:

(a) the stereodynamic ligand and the metal complex form a probe selected from the group consisting of

or

(b) the stereodynamic ligand and the metal complex form a probe and the probe is

17. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein the analyte is a compound selected from the group consisting of amines, diamines, alcohols, amino alcohols, carboxylic acids, amino acids, thiols, aldehydes, ketones, amides, esters, α-hydroxy acids, and any combination thereof.

18. The analytical method according to claim 17 , wherein the analyte is a diamine or an amino alcohol.

19. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein the stereoisomeric excess of the analyte is determined.

20. The analytical method according to claim 19 , wherein the analyte is a reaction product and the stereoselectivity of the reaction is determined by determining the stereoisomeric excess of the analyte.

21. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein the concentration of the analyte is determined.

22. The analytical method according to claim 21 , wherein the analyte is a reaction product and the yield of the reaction is determined by determining the concentration of the analyte.

23. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein the stereoisomeric excess of the analyte and the concentration of the analyte are both determined.

24. The analytical method according to claim 23 further comprising:

determining the individual concentration of any particular stereoisomers present in the sample based on the determined concentration of the analyte and the determined stereoisomeric excess.

25. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein the absolute configuration of the analyte is determined.

26. The analytical method according to claim 1 , wherein the stereoisomeric excess of the analyte, the concentration of the analyte, and the absolute configuration of the analyte are all determined.