Metrology for OLED manufacturing using photoluminescence spectroscopy
An apparatus for determining a characteristic of a photoluminescent (PL) layer comprises: a light source that generates an excitation light that includes light from the visible or near-visible spectrum; an optical assembly configured to direct the excitation light onto a PL layer; a detector that is configured to receive a PL emission generated by the PL layer in response to the excitation light interacting with the PL layer and generate a signal based on the PL emission; and a computing device coupled to the detector and configured to receive the signal from the detector and determine a characteristic of the PL layer based on the signal.
1. An apparatus, comprising:
a light source that generates an excitation light that includes light from the visible or near-visible spectrum;
an optical assembly configured to direct the excitation light onto a photoluminescent (PL);
a detector that is configured to receive a PL emission, generated by the PL layer in response to the excitation light interacting with the PL layer, and generate a signal based on the PL emission; and
a computing device coupled to the detector and configured to receive the signal from the detector and determine a characteristic of the PL layer based on the signal, wherein the characteristic of the PL layer determined by the computing device comprises a concentration of a dopant included in the PL layer, wherein the computing device is configured to determine the concentration of the dopant based on transient PL intensity information associated with the PL emission.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the excitation light comprises a first wavelength or group of wavelengths and the PL emission comprises a second wavelength or group of wavelengths that is different than the first wavelength or group of wavelengths.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the PL emission includes light having a wavelength in the visible spectrum.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the optical assembly includes:
an objective lens configured to direct the excitation light to the PL layer; and
a dichroic mirror configured to direct the excitation light to the objective lens and to transmit the PL emission.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the optical assembly includes a first optic fiber configured to direct at least a first portion of the excitation light to a first measuring location on the PL layer.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the optical assembly further includes a second optic fiber configured to direct a second portion of the excitation light to a second measuring location on the PL layer.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the optical assembly further includes:
a third optical fiber that is configured to direct a first portion of the PL emission to the detector; and
a fourth optical fiber that is configured to direct a second portion of the PL emission to the detector.
8. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the optical assembly further includes an optical splitter configured to direct the first portion of the excitation light to the first optical fiber and the second portion of the excitation light to the second optical fiber.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the detector includes a detector array configured to generate a PL intensity value for each of a plurality of wavelengths, and the characteristic of the PL layer determined by the computing device includes a thickness of the PL layer at a specific location on the substrate.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the detector array comprises a linear array.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the linear array is configured to measure the PL emission from multiple locations on the surface of the substrate that extend from one side of the substrate to an opposing side of the substrate.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the computing device is configured to determine the concentration of the dopant based on a thickness of the PL layer and a static PL intensity value of the PL emission.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the transient PL intensity information includes a decay of PL intensity over time of the PL emission.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the computing device is configured to determine the concentration of the dopant based on a total photon count of the PL emission within a specific range of wavelengths.
15. A method of determining a characteristic of a photoluminescent (PL) layer that is formed on a substrate disposed in a system for depositing the PL layer, the method comprising:
generating an excitation light that includes light from the visible or near-visible spectrum;
receiving a PL emission generated by the PL layer in response to the excitation light interacting with the PL layer;
generating a signal based on the PL emission; and
determining the characteristic of the PL layer based on the signal, wherein the characteristic of the PL layer comprises a concentration of a dopant included in the PL layer and is based on transient PL intensity information associated with the PL emission.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the excitation light comprises a first wavelength or group of wavelengths and the PL emission comprises a second wavelength or group of wavelengths that is different than the first wavelength or group of wavelengths.
17. An apparatus, comprising:
a light source that generates an excitation light;
an optical assembly configured to direct the excitation light onto a photoluminescent (PL) layer formed on a substrate that is disposed in a system for depositing the PL layer;
a detector that is configured to receive a PL emission generated by the PL layer in response to the excitation light interacting with the PL layer, and generate a first signal and a second signal, wherein the first signal is based on the PL emission and includes a decay of PL intensity over time of the PL emission and the second signal is based on a total photon count of the PL emission within a specific range of wavelengths; and
a computing device coupled to the detector and configured to:
receive the first signal from the detector and determine a concentration of a dopant in the PL layer based on the first signal; and
receive the second signal from the detector and determine a thickness of the PL layer based on the second signal.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the detector is configured to receive the PL emission generated by the PL layer while the substrate is disposed in a deposition chamber of the system for depositing the PL layer.
19. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the detector is configured to receive the PL emission generated by the PL layer while the substrate is disposed in a transfer chamber of the system for depositing the PL layer.
20. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the detector is configured to receive the PL emission generated by the PL layer while the substrate is disposed in an end-of-line chamber of the system for depositing the PL layer.
21. The method of claim 15 , wherein the PL layer comprises an organic layer.